Bruker:Phidus/sandkasse-16

Crooke-tube

• Engelsk WP, Crookes tube
• Bilderør
• Kathy, From Geissler Tubes to Cathode Ray Tubes, Physics & History, Youtube video. Det blir produsert litt røntgenstråling for gammeldags CRT fjernssynskjerm. Se ekstern lenke under røntgenstråling
• H.O.G. Elllinger, Naturen og dens Kræfter, Det Nordiske Forlag, Kristiania (1897). Boken som Frode Søreide fant og som sannsynlig har tilhørt min farfar Fanuel!!

Referanser

• H.O.G. Elllinger, Naturen og dens Kræfter, Det Nordiske Forlag, Kristiania (1897). Boken som Frode Søreide fant og som sannsynlig har tilhørt min farfar Fanuel!!

Moseley kilder

• Henry Moseley
• SLAC Beamline, The Early History of X rays, good!!
• Engelsk WP, Henry Moseley og tysk WP
• R.G. Egdell and E. Bruton, Henry Moseley, X-ray spectroscopy and the periodic table, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 378 (2180) 20190302 (2020), very complete with explanation of Moseley original diagrams. Meaning of diagrams given by HyperPhysics
• Moseley Bio Oxford slideshow.
• 1913 paper
• Encyclopedia.com, Henry Moseley 1887–1915, biography
• K.R. Naqvi, The physical (in)significance of Moseley's screening parameter, American Journal of Physics 64(10), 1332 (1996).
• Biography Mosely with science and war.
• Famous Scientists, Henry Moseley, biography
• J.L. Heilbron, The Work of H.G.J. Moseley, Isis 57 (3), 336-364 (1966).
• Science Mag, Review Heilbron'ss book on Moseley
• APS, August 10, 1915: Henry G.J. Moseley Killed in Action, This Week in Physics (2012).
• Microscopy, Short bio with photos of papers
• Bohr I Manchester, April - juli 1912 etter først å ha vært hos Thomson i Cambridge. Reiste tilbake til Cph og giftet seg. På bryllupsreise var innom Manchester igjen. Bohr kom tilbake til Manchester sommer 1914 for å fylle stillingen som Schuster hadde forlatt. Hans tre arbeid om Bohr modell var da allerede publisert i Phil. Mag..
• de Gruyter, Henry Moseley and the Search for Element 72
• N. Todd, Bohr and Moseley in Manchester, Youtube video
• MaxPlanckGesellschaft, Review book on Moseley

• E. Scerri, Master of Missing Elements, American Scientist, 102 (5) 358 (2014).
• J. L. Heilbron, H. G. J. Moseley: The Life and Letters of an English Physicist, 1887-1915, University og California Press, Berkeley (1974). ISBN 0-520-02375-7.
• A. Authier, Early Days of X-ray Crystallography, Oxford University Press, England. ISBN 978-0-19-965984-5. Med kort biografi om W. Kossel
• Gourmet, Electron configurations for X-ray transitions
• NN, Sommerfeld-Wentzel calculation of screening constants
• BSc, X-ray spectra
• Jennifer Ito, X-ray for beginners with refs to Slater and calculates screening constants
• Hertz 1920, Screening constants etc, looks reasonable
• BNL, General XAS, with overview
• Nanoquam, General X-ray physics, with ordering and naming of energy levels
• R. Karazia, Introduction to the Theory of X-Ray and Electronic Spectra of Free Atoms, gives good intro with average screening constant, and screening doublets

Moseleys lov

• Moseleys lov
• T. Soltis et al, One hundred years of Moseley’s law: An undergraduate experiment with relativistic effects, American Journal of Physics 85 (5), 352-358 (2017).

• H.G.J. Moseley, The High-Frequency Spectra of the Elements, Philosophical Magazine 27, 703–713 (1913).
• K. M. Frederick-Frost, Henry Moseley and the Search for Element 72, Chemistry International 41 (2), April (2019).
• P.M. Heimann, Moseley's Interpretation of X-Ray Spectra, Centaurus 12 (4), 261-274 (1968). Stored in 2023.

• H. Kragh, The many faces of the Bohr atom, arXiv 2013 with early history
• Engelsk WP, Moseley's law with refs to original papers

• André Authier, Early Days of X-ray Crystallography, good about Moseley's experiment
• L. Pauling and S. Goudsmit, The Structure of Line Spectra, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York (1930). On p. 173 level L_I is very close to L_II. The first is 2s_1/2 while the second is 2p_1/2 while L_III is 2p_3/2. Thus allowed transitions from the two p-states to K-level, would be very close to a 2s -> 1s transitions which is formally not allowed.

Karakteristisk røntgenstråling

• HyperPhysics, Characteristic X-rays, Georgia State University
• S.A. Goudsmit, The discovery of the electron spin, very interesting. Stored in 2023
• Wisconsin, Energy level diagrams and also HERE
• LBL, X-rays and Periodic System
• Göttingen U, Charakteristische Strahlung, short, but with modern IUPAC notation
• FU Berlin, Atoms and Molecules, good lectures. Stored in 2023
• P. Ewart, Atomic Physics, very good, also on Zeeman effect. Stored in 2023
• Leicester U, Hund Rules, stored in 2023
• France U, Spin-orbit couplings, stored in 2023
• Frank de Groot, Multiplets in X-ray Spectroscopy, many clarifying lectures at Trieste (2004).
• PhysLibreTexts, Atomic Spectra and X-rays, basic overview
• L. Baumgarten, X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy, explains K-edges and why hole-picture is like single electron
• LMU, Characteristic X-rays, with figure of realistic energy levels
• Pauli, Nobel talk with history and original article in English translation
• P. Forman, The Doublet Riddle and Atomic Physics circa 1924, Isis 59 (2), 156-174 (1968). Stored in 2023 and earlier
• J.L. Heilbronn, The Kossel-Sommerfeld Theory and the Ring Atom, Isis 58 (4), 450-485 (1967), contains also many details about Vegard paper. Stored in 2023 and earlier

• E.C. Stoner, The Distribution of Electrons among Atomic Levels, (6th series) Phil. Mag. 48 (286), 719–736 (1924)
• Tysk WP, Edmund Clifton Stoner, med refs
• N. Straumann, Pauli and spin quantum number history
• C. Cantor, The Making of a British Theoretical Physicist: E. C. Stoner's Early Career, The British Journal for the History of Science, 27 (3), 277- 290 (1994). Stored in 2023
• J.L. Heilbron, The Origins of the Exclusion Principle, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 13 (2), 261- 310 (1983). Stored in 2023
• H. Kragh, Atoms before 1913, stored in 2023
• J.H. Wittke, The Origin of Characteristic X-rays, del av detaljerte websider.

Det var uklart på denne tiden hvor mange elektroner hvert energinivå ville inneholde. Bohr selv argumenterte for at hver bane n_k  kunne maksimalt inneholde 2n elektroner. Dette spørsmålet vår viktig for forståelsen av periodesystemet. Den norske fysiker Lars Vegard var også aktiv i denne utforskningen selv om at hans bidrag i ettertid fikk liten betydning.

Kilder røntgenstråling

text

• H.O.G. Elllinger, Naturen og dens Kræfter, Det Nordiske Forlag, Kristiania (1897). Boken som Frode Søreide fant og som sannsynlig har tilhørt min farfar Fanuel!!

• Tysk WP, Röntgenstrahlung
• Røntgenastronomi og Chandra-teleskopet
• Nynorsk WP, Duane-Hunt lova
• Stanford U, Early History of X Rays, very good
• APS, Roentgen's Discovery of X-Rays, This Week in Physics (2001).
• DSA, Røntgen på tannklinikk
• Oxford, Photoelectric, Compton and pair production x-sections
• Trento XAFS, Photoelectric x-section and K-edges
• Engelsk WP, X-ray absorption spectroscopy
• R. Fosbinder and D. Orth, Essentials of Radiologic Science, Wolters Kluwer Health, Baltimore (2012). ISBN 978-0-7817-7554-0. Very nice layout/graphics

• Fotoelektrisk effekt fra K-skall beregnet i bøkene til Sakurai, også i boken til Scadron i Oslo

• Charles Barkla
• HyperPhysics, Characteristic X-rays, useful
• Göttingen U, Charakteristische Strahlung, good
• ChemLibreTexts, Atomic Spectra and X-rays, very good
• H. Kragh, Vegard and the Periodic System, also about W. Kossel. Stored in 2023
• André Authier, Early Days of X-ray Crystallography,
• Tysk WP, Charakteristische Röntgenstrahlung
• HyperPhysics, X-rays
• Fransk WP, X-ray diffraction, very good

Fotoelektrisk effekt

• Fotoelektrisk effekt må ryddes opp i

Kilder røntgendiffraksjon

• Engelsk WP, Reciprocal lattice and tysk WP reziprokes Gitter
• Italiensk WP, Reticolo reciproco
• Miller-indeks
• Debye–Scherrer-metoden
• Engelsk WP, Bragg plane hvorfra figur kommer og med brukbar tekst
• Fransk WP, X-ray diffraction basics with Laue-condition
• Tysk WP, Laue-Bedingung inneholder gode figurer
• ChemLibreTexts, Scattering Intensity from Crystal, very useful
• OpenLab, NaCl diffraction analysis, very instructive
• Braggs lov
• Laue-betingelse
• Mark Burgess, Zlibrary, all kinds of books
• Stanford U, Geometry of Lattices, all you need to know. Stored in 2022.
• Krystallografi, mens krystallstruktur sier litt mer om Bravais-gitter etc
• Engelsk WP, Miller index
• Portugisisk WP, Miller indices, w/distance formula
• ChemLibre, Miller Indices
• MSEstudent, Miller Indices, very good
• MSEstudent, Bravais lattices, very good
• NN, Gyroscopic motion, rotation and Euler equations in detailed derivation
• W. Lewin, Rolling Motion, Gyroscopes, very non-intuitive

• W.H. Bragg and W.L. Bragg, X Rays and Crystal Structure, G. Bell & Sons, London (1915).
• NN, W.H. Bragg first papers, historical review

Crystal diffraction

• P.P. Ewald, Fifty Years of X-ray diffraction. International Union of Crystallography, Utrecht (1962). ISBN 978-1-4615-9963-0. Two following articles from are Chapter 4 and 5;
• P. Ewald, Laue’s Discovery of X-ray Diffraction by Crystals,detailed history from Munich 1912-1913. Stored in 2022.
• W.H. Miller, A treatise on crystallography, Cambridge, England (1839). With Miller indices!!
• IUCR Dictionary, Miller indices with other references
• Hughbanks, X-ray diffraction, Bragg, Laue and reciprocal lattice. Very good
• Notes, Bragg, Laue and reciprocal lattice. Stored in 2022.
• Physlab, Laue, Bragg and Ewald construction
• Tsymbal, X-ray diffraction and reciprocal lattice. With correct definitions and distance d_hkℓ between planes is 2π times inverse length of reciprocal vector G = h b₁ + k b₂ + ℓ b₃. Stored in 2022
• NN, The Braggs contribution to X-ray diffraction with biographies. Stored in 2022
• M. Eckert, Max von Laue and the discovery of X-ray diffraction in 1912, detailed history stored in 2022
• P. Forman, Discovery of X-rays and later Myths, Arch. Hist. Exact. Sci. 6, 38-71 (1969). Even more details! Stored in 2022.
• Norsk WP, Røntgenkrystallografi, meget kort
• Libretexts, Bragg's law and Laue's condition, good notation
• Engelsk WP, X-ray crystallography, også meget god på historie
• Engelsk WP, Bragg's law
• IUCR, X-ray diffraction in reciprocal space. Very compact and useful.
• Engelsk WP, Bragg plane, different description of Bragg law
• Engelsk WP, Laue equations, crystal diffraction in great detail
• Engelsk WP, Structure factors with many examples
• NN, NaCl structure factors
• Monoceros, Diffraction Geometry, looks very complete
• J. Jenkin, William and Lawrence Bragg, Father and Son: The Most Extraordinary Collaboration in Science, Oxford University Press, New York (2008). ISBN 978-0-19-923520-9. Review in Physics Today.
• A.M. Glazer and P. Thomson (eds.), Crystal Clear: The Autobiographies of Sir Lawrence & Lady Bragg, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-874430-6. Review in Physics Today.
• W.H. Bragg and W.L. Bragg, X Rays and Crystal Structure, G. Bell & Sons, London (1915).
• NN, W.H. Bragg first papers, historical review

Electron diffraction

• Physics Today, Davisson-Germer experiment, saved in 2022.
• NN, Davisson-Germer for students
• Engelsk WP, Davisson–Germer experiment and Russian version looks even better
• Norsk WP, Elektrondiffraksjon med link til Clinton Davisson
• Physics Teacher, Davisson-Germer experiment with greater details. attractive potential in metal is here 16 eV, consistent with Fermi sea. Stored in 2022
• Davisson and Germer, Index of refraction for electron scattering on nickel. Refers to Bethe, Die Naturwissenschaften 15, 787 (1927) and 16, 333 (1928). Stored in 2022. See also HERE and more refs HERE.
• G.P. Thomson, Experiments on the diffraction of cathode rays, Proc. Roy. Soc. A117 (778), 600-609 (1928).
• Caltech, Work function and Fermi energy for electrons bound in metals. See full article by Baym and Hoddeson.

X-ray scattering

• Cochran, Crick and Vand, The structure of synthetic polypeptides, Acta Cryst (1952). X-ray scattering from helices for the first time. Stored in 2021
• A.A. Lucas, Crick-Watson double helix from x-rays, stored in 2021 as Double helix from X-rays and on iPad as Francis-Crick-JCE-paper..
• MPI Mainz, X-ray physics, with scattering from double helix
• J. Thompson et al, Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray photo of DNA as an undergraduate optical diffraction experiment, Am. J. Phys. (2018). Stored in 2021 as X-ray scattering Franklin.

Bremsstrahlung

• Bremsstrahlung omtales på norsk som bremsestråling. Mye tullete innhold. Må oppdateres. Varme elektroner er thermal electrons
• Åbo U, Intro Bremsstrahlung for astrophysics
• E. Haug and W. Nakel, The Elementary Process of Bremsstrahlung, World Scientific, Singapore (2004). ISBN 981-238-578-9. Very complete with intro and history
• Physics-LibreTexts, Bremsstrahlung and Coulomb losses
• Jakubassa-Amundsen, Recent developments in Bremsstrahlung
• Stackexchange, Who discovered Bremsstrahlung?, Tesla???
• Harvard, Screening effects in Bremsstrahliung
• P. Forman, Discovery of X-rays and later Myths, Arch. Hist. Exact. Sci. 6, 38-71 (1969). På side 52 og 60-61 skriver at Sommerfeld i 1911 viste at elektron som ble bremset ned over en strekning som tilsvarer utstrekning av atom, gir X-ray

William Crookes

Må lenkes til katodestrålerør. Historisk utvikling katodestråling beskrevet godt i tysk Wikipedia Elektronenstrahl som sammenfaller med Kathodenstrahl. Enda bedre beskrivelse i engelsk WP Crookes tube som forklarer alt i detalj, også kanalstråler, også forskjell på Crookes-rør og Geissler-rør. Her brukes A. Pais, Inward Bound som historisk referanse. Mer detaljert om forskjellige lysende områder i gassutladning beskrives her. Denne artikkel er et godt kompliment av tilsvarende beskrivelse ved Jacob Sandstad, Gassutladning i SNL som gir norsk terminologi som kan brukes. Han har også skrevet om glødekatode. Like relevant er støtionisasjon i SNL. Hva som skjer i gassutladning, er godt forklart i engelsk WP Glow discharge, kanskje er dette bare gyldig for lave spenninger?

• NN, Frankfurt, Vorlesungen über Gasentladungen, klar, matematisk fremstilling med utledning av Paschen-formler etc.
• NN, Kiel, Gasentladungsphysik_4 med litt matematisk fremstilling.
• NN, Innsbruck, Grundlagen der Gasentladung, klar fremstilling med gode beregninger.
• NN, Muenster, Edelgasentladungen, klar fremstilling i seminar.
• A. Piel, Einführing in die Plasmaphysik, se Kap. 2 Gasentladungen.

Kanalstråle

Kanalstråle (også kalt anodestråle) er en strøm av positive ladete ioner i et gassutladningsrør. Crookes-rør

• Holtebekk SNL, William Crookes
• Discovery of helium
• Engelsk WP, Eugen Goldstein, oppdager av kanalstråler og kanskje også proton. Begravet på Jüdischer Friedhof Berlin-Weißensee.
• Encyclopedia.com, Julius Plücker, contains collaboration with Geissler and projective geometry.
• A. Sommerfeld, Atombau und Spektrallinien.

• H. Kragh, Vegard and the Periodic System, Vegrad arbeidet sammen med J. Thomson om kanalstråler. Stored in 2023