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"කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය" හි සංශෝධන අතර වෙනස්කම්

විකිපීඩියා වෙතින්
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ටැග: ජංගම සංස්කරණය ජංගම වෙබ් සංස්කරණය Advanced mobile edit
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(අතරමැදි සංශෝධන 9 විසින් පරිශීලක 2 පෙන්වා නැත)
1 පේළිය: 1 පේළිය:
{{Redirect|කුෂාණ|ප්‍රබන්ධ වීඩියෝ ක්‍රීඩා ජන වර්ගය|හෝම්වර්ල්ඩ්|නැගෙනහිර අප්‍රිකානු රාජධානිය|කුෂ් රාජධානිය}}
{{Redirect|Kushan|the fictional video game race|Homeworld|East African Kingdom|Kingdom of Kush}}
{{short description|Empire in South Asia}}
{{short description|දකුණු ආසියාවේ අධිරාජ්‍යය}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}


{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox former country
{{Infobox former country
|native_name = {{native name|xbc|Κυϸανο}}<br />{{lang|grc|Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν}} <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:81%;font-weight:normal;">([[Koine Greek|Greek]])</span>
|native_name = {{native name|xbc|Κυϸανο}}<br />{{lang|grc|Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν}} <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:81%;font-weight:normal;">([[කොයිනේ ග්‍රීක|ග්‍රීක]])</span>
|conventional_long_name = Kushan Empire
|conventional_long_name = කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය
|common_name = Kushan Empire
|common_name = කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය
|era = Classical Antiquity
|era = සම්භාව්‍ය පුරාතනය
|status = Nomadic empire
|status = සංචාරක අධිරාජ්‍යය
|event_start = [[කුජුල කැඩ්පයිසීස්]] විසින් [[යුඒචි]] ගෝත්‍ර එක්සත් කොට රාජ්‍ය සන්ධානයක් ඇතිකිරීම
|event_start = [[Kujula Kadphises]] unites [[Yuezhi]] tribes into a confederation
|year_start = 30
|year_start = 30
|event_end = Subjugated by the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanians]], [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], and [[Hepthalites]]<ref name="lcwb2">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0005) |title=Afghanistan: Central Asian and Sassanian Rule, ca. 150 B.C.-700 A.D. |access-date=2012-08-16 |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |location=United States|year=1997}}</ref>
|event_end = [[සැසේනියානු අධිරාජ්‍යය|සැසේනියානුවන්]], [[ගුප්ත අධිරාජ්‍යය|ගුප්තයන්]], සහ [[හෙප්තලයිට්වරු]]න් විසින් යටත් කරගැනීම<ref name="lcwb2">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0005) |title=Afghanistan: Central Asian and Sassanian Rule, ca. 150 B.C.-700 A.D. |access-date=2012-08-16 |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |location=United States|year=1997}}</ref>
|year_end = 375
|year_end = 375
|p1 = ඉන්දු-ග්‍රීක රාජධානිය
|p1 = Indo-Greek Kingdom
|p2 = ඉන්දු-පාර්තියානු රාජධානිය
|p2 = Indo-Parthian Kingdom
|p3=ඉන්දු-සිතියානුවෝ
|p3=Indo-Scythians
|s1 = සැසේනියානු අධිරාජ්‍යය
|s1 = Sasanian Empire
|flag_s1 = Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg
|flag_s1 = Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg
|s2 = Gupta Empire
|s2 = ගුප්ත අධිරාජ්‍යය
|s3=පද්මාවතියෙහි නාගයෝ
|s3=Nagas of Padmavati
|s4 = Kidarites
|s4 = කිඩරයිට්වරු
|flag_s4 = Kidarite_Tamga.png
|flag_s4 = Kidarite_Tamga.png
|image_map = File:Kushan Empire (highlighted).jpg
|image_map = File:Kushan Empire (highlighted).jpg
|map_width=270
|map_width=270
|image_map_caption = A map of India in the 2nd century CE showing the extent of the Kushan Empire (in yellow) during the reign of [[Kanishka]]. Most historians consider the empire to have variously extended as far east as the middle Ganges plain,<ref name="Thapar2004-221">{{cite book|author=Romila Thapar|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA221|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8|page=221}}</ref> to Varanasi on the confluence of the [[Ganges]] and the [[Yamuna|Jumna]],<ref name="Stein2010-86">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA86|date= 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1|page=86}}</ref><ref name="Robb2011-55">{{cite book|author=Peter Robb|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA55|year=2011|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-0-230-34549-2|page=55}}</ref> or probably even [[Pataliputra]].<ref name="KulkeRothermund2016">{{cite book|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYelDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-24212-3}}</ref><ref name="AADC">{{cite book |last1=Di Castro |first1=Angelo Andrea |last2=Hope |first2=Colin A. |title="The Barbarisation of Bactria" in Cultural Interaction in Afghanistan c 300 BCE to 300 CE |date=2005 |publisher=Monash University Press |location=Melbourne |isbn=978-1876924393 |pages=1-18, map visible online page 2 of [http://www.ascs.org.au/news/ascs33/DI%20CASTRO.pdf Hestia, a Tabula Iliaca and Poseidon's trident]}}</ref>
|image_map_caption = ක්‍රි.ව. 2වන සියවසේ [[කණිෂ්ක]] රජ සමයේ කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ (කහ පැහැයෙන්) ව්‍යාප්තිය පෙන්වන ඉන්දියාවේ සිතියමක්. බොහෝ ඉතිහාසඥයන් විශ්වාස කරන්නේ මෙම අධිරාජ්‍යය මධ්‍ය ගංගා තැන්න,<ref name="Thapar2004-221">{{cite book|author=Romila Thapar|title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA221|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24225-8|page=221}}</ref> සිට වාරාණසී තෙක් [[ගංගා නම් ගඟ|ගංගා]] සහ [[යමුනා]] දෙගංමෝය තෙක්,<ref name="Stein2010-86">{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA86|date= 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1|page=86}}</ref><ref name="Robb2011-55">{{cite book|author=Peter Robb|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA55|year=2011|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-0-230-34549-2|page=55}}{{භින්න වූ සබැඳි|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> හෝ ඇතැම්විට [[පාටලීපුත්‍ර]]ය තෙක් නැගෙනහිරට ව්‍යාප්තව පවතින්නට ඇති බවයි.<ref name="KulkeRothermund2016">{{cite book|author1=Hermann Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYelDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-24212-3}}</ref><ref name="AADC">{{cite book |last1=Di Castro |first1=Angelo Andrea |last2=Hope |first2=Colin A. |title="The Barbarisation of Bactria" in Cultural Interaction in Afghanistan c 300 BCE to 300 CE |date=2005 |publisher=Monash University Press |location=Melbourne |isbn=978-1876924393 |pages=1-18, map visible online page 2 of [http://www.ascs.org.au/news/ascs33/DI%20CASTRO.pdf Hestia, a Tabula Iliaca and Poseidon's trident]}}</ref>
|capital = [[Bagram]] <small>([[Ancient Kapisa|''Kapiśi'']])</small><br />[[Peshawar]] <small>([[History of Peshawar|''Puruṣapura'']])</small><br />[[Taxila]] <small>(''Takṣaśilā'')</small><br />[[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] <small>(''Mathurā'')</small>
|capital = [[බග්‍රාම්]] <small>([[පුරාතන කපිසා|''කපිශි'']])</small><br />[[පේෂාවර්]] <small>([[පේෂාවර් හි ඉතිහාසය|''පුරුෂපුර'']])</small><br />[[තක්ෂිලා]] <small>(''තක්ෂශිලා'')</small><br />[[මථුරා, උත්තර් ප්‍රදේශ්|මථුරා]] <small>(''මථුරා'')</small>
|common_languages = [[Koine Greek|Greek]] <small>(official until ca. 127)</small><ref name="Greek">The Kushans at first retained the [[Greek language]] for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian [[Rabatak inscription]] (discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king [[Kanishka the Great]] (c. 127&nbsp;AD), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"), from Falk (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, p. 133.</ref><br />[[Bactrian language|Bactrian]]<ref name="The Bactrian 2000 p. 133">The Bactrian [[Rabatak inscription]] (discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king [[Kanishka the Great]] (c. 127&nbsp;AD), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"), from Falk (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, p. 133.</ref> <small>(official from ca. 127)</small><br />[[Sanskrit]]<ref>The Sanskrit word ''vaṃśa'' (dynasty) affixed to ''Gushana'' (Kushana), i.e. Gushana-vaṃśa (Kushan dynasty) appears on a dedicatory inscription at [[Mankiala|Manikiala stupa]], in ''The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans'', University of California Press, 1967, [https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA7 p.7 & 8]</ref>
|common_languages = [[කොයිනේ ග්‍රීක|ග්‍රීක]] <small>(127 පමණ තෙක් නිල භාෂාව විය)</small><ref name="Greek">The Kushans at first retained the [[ග්‍රීක භාෂාව|Greek language]] for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian [[රබාතක් අභිලේඛනග|Rabatak inscription]] (discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king [[මහා කණිෂ්ක|Kanishka the Great]] (c. 127&nbsp;AD), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"), from Falk (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, p. 133.</ref><br />[[බැක්ට්‍රියානු භාෂාව|බැක්ට්‍රියානු]]<ref name="The Bactrian 2000 p. 133">The Bactrian [[රබාතක් අභිලේඛනය|Rabatak inscription]] (discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king [[මහා කණිෂ්ක|Kanishka the Great]] (c. 127&nbsp;AD), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"), from Falk (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, p. 133.</ref> <small>(127 සිට නිල භාෂාව විය)</small><br />[[සංස්කෘත]]<ref>The Sanskrit word ''vaṃśa'' (dynasty) affixed to ''Gushana'' (Kushana), i.e. Gushana-vaṃśa (Kushan dynasty) appears on a dedicatory inscription at [[මන්කියාලා|Manikiala stupa]], in ''The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans'', University of California Press, 1967, [https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA7 p.7 & 8]</ref>
|religion = [[Mahayana|Buddhism]]{{sfn|Liu|2010|p=61}}<br />[[Hinduism]]{{sfn|Bopearachchi|2007|p=45}}<br />[[Zoroastrianism]]{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=56}}
|religion = [[මහායාන|බුද්ධාගම]]{{sfn|Liu|2010|p=61}}<br />[[හින්දු ආගම]]{{sfn|Bopearachchi|2007|p=45}}<br />[[ශරතුස්ත්‍රවාදය]]{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=56}}
|currency = [[Kushan Coinage|Kushan drachma]]
|currency = [[කුෂාණ කාසි භාවිතය|කුෂාණ ඩ්‍රක්මා]]
|government_type = Monarchy
|government_type = රාජාණ්ඩුව
|leader1 = [[Kujula Kadphises]]
|leader1 = [[කුජුල කැඩ්පයිසීස්]]
|year_leader1 = 30–80
|year_leader1 = 30–80
|leader2 = [[Kipunada]]
|leader2 = [[කිපුනාද]]
|year_leader2 = 350–375
|year_leader2 = 350–375
|title_leader = Emperor
|title_leader = අධිරාජ
|stat_year1 = 200 est.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D | title = East-West Orientation of Historical Empires | journal = Journal of World-Systems Research|date=December 2006 |volume=12|issue=2 |page=222 |url =http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|access-date=12 September 2016 |issn= 1076-156X}}</ref>
|stat_year1 = 200 පමණ.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D | title = East-West Orientation of Historical Empires | journal = Journal of World-Systems Research|date=December 2006 |volume=12|issue=2 |page=222 |url =http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|access-date=12 September 2016 |issn= 1076-156X}}</ref>
|stat_area1 = 2000000
|stat_area1 = 2000000
|stat_year2 = 200 est.<ref name="Taagepera132">{{cite journal|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|jstor=1170959|journal=[[Social Science History]]|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=132|doi=10.2307/1170959|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein}}</ref>
|stat_year2 = 200 පමණ.<ref name="Taagepera132">{{cite journal|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|jstor=1170959|journal=[[Social Science History]]|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=132|doi=10.2307/1170959|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein}}</ref>
|stat_area2 = 2500000
|stat_area2 = 2500000
|demonym=|area_km2=|area_rank=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year=|today=}}
|demonym=|area_km2=|area_rank=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year=|today=}}


The '''Kushan Empire''' ({{lang-grc|Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν}}; {{lang-xbc|Κυϸανο}}, {{transl|xbc|Kushano}}; [[Brahmi script|Late Brahmi]] [[Sanskrit]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad ku.jpg|16px]] [[File:Gupta gujarat ssaa.jpg|12px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka nn.svg|14px]], ''{{IAST|Ku-ṣā-ṇa}}'', ''{{IAST|Kuṣāṇa}}''; [[Devanagari]] {{lang-sa|कुषाण राजवंश}}, {{IAST|Kuṣāṇa Rājavaṃśa}}; [[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit|BHS]]: {{IAST|Guṣāṇa-vaṃśa}}; {{lang-xpr|𐭊𐭅𐭔𐭍 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓}}, {{lang|xpr-Latn|Kušan-xšaθr}}; {{lang-zh|貴霜}}<ref>''The Dynasty Arts of the Kushans'', University of California Press, 1967, [https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA7 p.7]</ref>) was a [[Syncretism|syncretic]] empire, formed by the [[Yuezhi]], in the [[Bactria]]n territories in the early 1st century. It spread to encompass much of modern-day territory of [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[northern India]],<ref>http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm and Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-S?ng, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 318–350</ref> at least as far as [[Saketa]] and [[Sarnath]] near [[Varanasi]] (Benares), where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan Emperor [[Kanishka the Great]].<ref>which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121–136", Falk (2001), pp. 121–136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167–176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368–371.</ref>
'''කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය''' ({{lang-grc|Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν}}; {{lang-xbc|Κυϸανο}}, {{transl|xbc|Kushano}}; [[බ්‍රාහ්මී අක්ෂර|පසුකාලීන බ්‍රාහ්මී]] [[සංස්කෘත]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad ku.jpg|16px]] [[File:Gupta gujarat ssaa.jpg|12px]] [[File:Gupta ashoka nn.svg|14px]], ''{{IAST|Ku-ṣā-ṇa}}'', ''{{IAST|Kuṣāṇa}}''; [[දේවනාගරී]] {{lang-sa|कुषाण राजवंश}}, {{IAST|Kuṣāṇa Rājavaṃśa}}; [[බෞද්ධ දෙමුහුම් සංස්කෘත|බෞදෙස]]: {{IAST|Guṣāṇa-vaṃśa}}; {{lang-xpr|𐭊𐭅𐭔𐭍 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓}}, {{lang|xpr-Latn|Kušan-xšaθr}}; {{lang-zh|貴霜}}<ref>''The Dynasty Arts of the Kushans'', University of California Press, 1967, [https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA7 p.7]</ref>) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ මුල්කාලීන 1වන සියවසේ [[බැක්ට්‍රියාව|බැක්ට්‍රියානු]] භූමියෙහි පැවති [[යුඒචි]]වරුන් විසින් ගොඩනැගි අධිරාජ්‍යයකි. මෙය වර්තමාන [[ඇෆ්ඝනිස්තානය]], [[පාකිස්තානය]] සහ [[උතුරු ඉන්දියාව]]<ref>http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707162312/http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm |date=2015-07-07 }} and Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-S?ng, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 318–350</ref> මෙන්ම අවම වශයෙන් [[සාකේත]] සහ [[වාරාණසී]] (බෙණාරෙස්) අසල [[සාරනාත්]] දක්වා වන භූමියෙහි පැතිර තිබෙන්නට ඇතැයි සිතිය හැක්කේ එම ස්ථානවලින් හමුවන කුෂාණ අධිරාජ [[මහා කණිෂ්ක]]ගේ අභිලේඛන හේතුවෙනි.<ref>which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121–136", Falk (2001), pp. 121–136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167–176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368–371.</ref>


==පාලකයෝ==
==Rulers==
One of the most recent list of rulers with dates is as follows:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |last2=Donovan |first2=Peter |title=Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan |date=2014 |page=4 |url=https://www.academia.edu/11049999 |language=en}}{{free access}}</ref>
වඩාත්ම මෑතකාලීනව පිළියෙල කරන ලද රාජාවලිය මෙසේ ය:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |last2=Donovan |first2=Peter |title=Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan |date=2014 |page=4 |url=https://www.academia.edu/11049999 |language=en}}{{free access}}</ref>
* [[Heraios]] (c. 1 – 30), first king to call himself "Kushan" on his coinage [[File:Heraios coin.jpg|50px]]
* [[හෙරාඕස්]] (1 ප. – 30), සිය කාසිවල තමන් "කුෂාණ" ලෙස සඳහන් වන ප්‍රථම පාලකයායි [[File:Heraios coin.jpg|50px]]
;"මහා කුෂාණයෝ";
;"Great Kushans";
* [[Kujula Kadphises]] (c. 50 – c. 90) [[File:Kujula Kadphises. Laureate Julio-Claudian style.jpg|50px]]
* [[කුජුල කැඩ්පයිසීස්]] (50 ප. – 90 ප.) [[File:Kujula Kadphises. Laureate Julio-Claudian style.jpg|50px]]
* [[Vima Takto]] (c. 90 – c. 113), alias Soter Megas or "Great Saviour." [[File:Coin of Vima Takto.jpg|50px]]
* [[වීම තක්තෝ]] (90 ප. – 113 ප.), හෙවත් සෝටර් මේගස් හෙවත් "මහා ගැලවුම්කරු." [[File:Coin of Vima Takto.jpg|50px]]
* [[Vima Kadphises]] (c. 113 – c. 127) First great Kushan Emperor [[File:Vima Kadphises with ithyphallic Shiva.jpg|50px]]
* [[වීම කැඩ්පයිසීස්]] (113 ප. – 127 ප.) ප්‍රථම මහා කුෂාණ අධිරාජයා [[File:Vima Kadphises with ithyphallic Shiva.jpg|50px]]
* [[Kanishka the Great]] (127 – c. 151) [[File:Kanishka I Greek legend and Helios.jpg|50px]]
* [[මහා කණිෂ්ක]] (127 – 151 පමණ) [[File:Kanishka I Greek legend and Helios.jpg|50px]]
* [[Huvishka]] (c. 151 – c. 190) [[File:Huvishka Maaseno.jpg|50px]]
* [[හුවිෂ්ක]] (151 ප. – 190 ප.) [[File:Huvishka Maaseno.jpg|50px]]
* [[Vasudeva I]] (c. 190 – 230) Last great Kushan Emperor [[File:VASUDEVA I.jpg|50px]]
* [[පළමුවන වාසුදේව|වාසුදේව I]] (190 ප. – 230) අවසන් මහා කුෂාණ අධිරාජයායි [[File:VASUDEVA I.jpg|50px]]
* [[Kanishka II]] (c. 230 – 247) [[File:Coin of KanishkaII.jpg|50px]]
* [[කණිෂ්ක II]] (230 ප. – 247) [[File:Coin of KanishkaII.jpg|50px]]
* [[Vashishka]] (c. 247 – 267) [[File:Vasishka.jpg|50px]]
* [[වාශිෂ්ක]] (247 ප. – 267) [[File:Vasishka.jpg|50px]]
;"කුඩා කුෂාණයෝ";
;"Little Kushans";
* [[Kanishka III]] (c. 267 – 270) [[File:Kanishka III Circa AD 267-270.jpg|50px]]
* [[කණිෂ්ක III]] (267 ප. – 270) [[File:Kanishka III Circa AD 267-270.jpg|50px]]
* [[Vasudeva II]] (c. 270 – 300) [[File:Coin of VasudevaII.jpg|50px]]
* [[වාසුදේව II]] (270 ප. – 300) [[File:Coin of VasudevaII.jpg|50px]]
* [[Mahi (Kushan)|Mahi]] (c. 300 – 305)<ref name="Katariya">[https://books.google.com/books?id=P7TpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 The Glorious History of Kushana Empire, Adesh Katariya, 2012, p.69]</ref> [[File:Mahi Kushan 4th century CE.jpg|50px]]
* [[මහී (කුෂාණ)|මහී]] (300 ප්. – 305)<ref name="Katariya">[https://books.google.com/books?id=P7TpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 The Glorious History of Kushana Empire, Adesh Katariya, 2012, p.69]</ref> [[File:Mahi Kushan 4th century CE.jpg|50px]]
* [[Shaka (Kushan)|Shaka]] (c. 305 – 335)<ref name="Katariya"/> [[File:Kushan Empire Shaka Circa AD 325-345.jpg|50px]]
* [[ශක (කුෂාණ)|ශක]] (305 ප. – 335)<ref name="Katariya"/> [[File:Kushan Empire Shaka Circa AD 325-345.jpg|50px]]
* [[Kipunada]] (c. 335 – 350)<ref name="Katariya"/> [[File:Kipunada.jpg|50px]]
* [[කිපුනාද]] (335 ප. – 350)<ref name="Katariya"/> [[File:Kipunada.jpg|50px]]


{{Kushans}}
{{Kushans}}
79 පේළිය: 77 පේළිය:
{{reflist|35em}}
{{reflist|35em}}


==බාහිර සබැඳි==
==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{Commons category|Kushan Empire|කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය}}
{{History of India}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325483/Kushan-dynasty Kushan dynasty] in [[බ්‍රිටනිකා විශ්වකෝෂය|Encyclopædia Britannica]]
{{History of Afghanistan}}
{{refbegin|35em}}
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* {{cite book | title = ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity | year = 2017a | publisher = Edinburgh University Press | last = Rezakhani | first = Khodadad | chapter = East Iran in Late Antiquity| pages = 1–256 | isbn = 978-1-4744-0030-5 | jstor = 10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8 }} {{registration required}}
* {{cite book |first=Khodadad|last=Rezakhani|editor1-last=Daryaee |editor1-first=Touraj |title=King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE) |date=2017b |publisher=UCI Jordan Center for Persian Studies |chapter=From the Kushans to the Western Turks|pages=1–236|isbn=978-0-692-86440-1}}
* Rife, J. L. "The Making of Roman India by Grant Parker (review)." American Journal of Philology, vol. 135 no. 4, 2014, pp.&nbsp;672–675. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/ajp.2014.0046.
* {{cite book|last=Rosenfield |first=John M.|title=The Dynastic Art of the Kushans |year=1993 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-215-0579-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roux |first1=Jean-Paul |author-link1=Jean-Paul Roux |year=1997 |title=L'Asie Centrale, Histoire et Civilization |trans-title=Central Asia: History and Civilization |language=fr |publisher=[[Fayard]] |isbn=978-2-213-59894-9 }}
<!-- S -->
* [[Viktor Sarianidi|Sarianidi, Viktor]]. 1985. ''The Golden Hoard of Bactria: From the Tillya-tepe Excavations in Northern Afghanistan''. [[Harry N. Abrams, Inc.]] New York.
* Sims-Williams, Nicholas. 1998. "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with an Appendix on the names of Kujula Kadphises and Vima Taktu in Chinese." ''Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies''. Edited by Nicholas Sims-Williams. Wiesbaden. 1998, pp.&nbsp;79–93.
* {{cite book|last=Sivaramamurti |first=C. |title=Śatarudrīya: Vibhūti of Śiva's Iconography |year=1976 |publisher= Abhinav Publications|location=Delhi}}
* Spooner, D. B. 1908–9. "Excavations at Shāh-jī-kī Dhērī."; ''Archaeological Survey of India'', 1908–9, pp.&nbsp;38–59.
<!-- W -->
* Watson, Burton. Trans. 1993. ''Records of the Grand Historian of China: Han Dynasty II.'' Translated from the ''[[Shiji]]'' of [[Sima Qian]]. Chapter 123: "The Account of [[Dayuan]]", Columbia University Press. Revised Edition. {{ISBN|0-231-08166-9}}; {{ISBN|0-231-08167-7}} (pbk.)
* {{Citation | last =Wink | first =André | year =2002 | title =Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries | publisher =BRILL}}
<!-- Z -->
* Zürcher, E. (1968). "The Yüeh-chih and Kaniṣka in the Chinese sources." ''Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka''. Basham, A. L., ed., 1968. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp.&nbsp;346–393.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kushan Empire}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325483/Kushan-dynasty Kushan dynasty] in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kush/hd_kush.htm Metropolitan Museum capsule history]
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kush/hd_kush.htm Metropolitan Museum capsule history]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204064550/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/kushan/kushan.html |title=New documents help fix controversial Kushan dating |date=2005-02-04}}
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204064550/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/kushan/kushan.html |title=New documents help fix controversial Kushan dating |date=2005-02-04}}
* [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/indo_scythians/i.html Coins of the Kushans on wildwinds.com]
* [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/indo_scythians/i.html Coins of the Kushans on wildwinds.com]
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130207084302/http://home.comcast.net/~pankajtandon/home.html |title=Antique Indian Coins |date=2013-02-07}}
* {{webarchive |url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130207084302/http://home.comcast.net/~pankajtandon/home.html |title=Antique Indian Coins |date=2013-02-07}}
* [http://www.kushan.org/ Brief Guide to Kushan History]
* [http://www.kushan.org/ Brief Guide to Kushan History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040925185831/http://www.kushan.org/ |date=2004-09-25 }}
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-kushan.html The CoinIndia Online Catalogue of Kushan Coins]
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-kushan.html The CoinIndia Online Catalogue of Kushan Coins]
* [http://www.kushan.org/ Dedicated resource to study of Kushan Empire]
* [http://www.kushan.org/ Dedicated resource to study of Kushan Empire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040925185831/http://www.kushan.org/ |date=2004-09-25 }}
{{Central Asian history}}
{{Central Asian history}}
{{Rulers of Ancient Central Asia}}
{{Rulers of Ancient Central Asia}}
172 පේළිය: 97 පේළිය:
{{Uttarakhand}}
{{Uttarakhand}}


[[Category:Kushan Empire| ]]
[[Category:කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය| ]]
[[Category:ඇෆ්ග්ගනිස්තානයේ පුරාතන ඉතිහාසය]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:පාකිස්තානයේ පුරාතන ඉතිහාසය]]
[[Category:Ancient history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:ඇෆ්ඝනිස්තානයේ බුද්ධාගම]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:History of Buddhism in India]]
[[Category:ඉන්දියාවේ රාජවංශ]]
[[Category:ඉන්දියාවේ අධිරාජ්‍ය සහ රාජධානි]]
[[Category:History of Buddhism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:ආසියාවේ පැරණි අධිරාජ්‍ය]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:ඓතිහාසික ඉරානියානු ජනයා]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]
[[Category:Former empires in Asia]]
[[Category:යුඒචි]]
[[Category:Historical Iranian peoples]]
[[Category:Iranian nomads]]
[[Category:History of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Yuezhi]]
[[Category:1st-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:375 disestablishments]]
[[Category:4th-century disestablishments in India]]

13:28, 24 ජනවාරි 2024 වන විට නවතම සංශෝධනය

"කුෂාණ" මෙතැනට යළියොමුවෙයි. ප්‍රබන්ධ වීඩියෝ ක්‍රීඩා ජන වර්ගය සඳහා, හෝම්වර්ල්ඩ් බලන්න. නැගෙනහිර අප්‍රිකානු රාජධානිය සඳහා, කුෂ් රාජධානිය බලන්න.
කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය

Κυϸανο  (බැක්ට්‍රියානු)
Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν (ග්‍රීක)
30–375
ක්‍රි.ව. 2වන සියවසේ කණිෂ්ක රජ සමයේ කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ (කහ පැහැයෙන්) ව්‍යාප්තිය පෙන්වන ඉන්දියාවේ සිතියමක්. බොහෝ ඉතිහාසඥයන් විශ්වාස කරන්නේ මෙම අධිරාජ්‍යය මධ්‍ය ගංගා තැන්න,[1] සිට වාරාණසී තෙක් ගංගා සහ යමුනා දෙගංමෝය තෙක්,[2][3] හෝ ඇතැම්විට පාටලීපුත්‍රය තෙක් නැගෙනහිරට ව්‍යාප්තව පවතින්නට ඇති බවයි.[4][5]
ක්‍රි.ව. 2වන සියවසේ කණිෂ්ක රජ සමයේ කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ (කහ පැහැයෙන්) ව්‍යාප්තිය පෙන්වන ඉන්දියාවේ සිතියමක්. බොහෝ ඉතිහාසඥයන් විශ්වාස කරන්නේ මෙම අධිරාජ්‍යය මධ්‍ය ගංගා තැන්න,[1] සිට වාරාණසී තෙක් ගංගා සහ යමුනා දෙගංමෝය තෙක්,[2][3] හෝ ඇතැම්විට පාටලීපුත්‍රය තෙක් නැගෙනහිරට ව්‍යාප්තව පවතින්නට ඇති බවයි.[4][5]
තත්ත්වයසංචාරක අධිරාජ්‍යය
අගනුවරබග්‍රාම් (කපිශි)
පේෂාවර් (පුරුෂපුර)
තක්ෂිලා (තක්ෂශිලා)
මථුරා (මථුරා)
පොදු භාෂාවන්ග්‍රීක (127 පමණ තෙක් නිල භාෂාව විය)[6]
බැක්ට්‍රියානු[7] (127 සිට නිල භාෂාව විය)
සංස්කෘත[8]
ආගම
බුද්ධාගම[9]
හින්දු ආගම[10]
ශරතුස්ත්‍රවාදය[11]
රජයරාජාණ්ඩුව
අධිරාජ 
• 30–80
කුජුල කැඩ්පයිසීස්
• 350–375
කිපුනාද
ඓතිහාසික යුගයසම්භාව්‍ය පුරාතනය
• කුජුල කැඩ්පයිසීස් විසින් යුඒචි ගෝත්‍ර එක්සත් කොට රාජ්‍ය සන්ධානයක් ඇතිකිරීම
30
• සැසේනියානුවන්, ගුප්තයන්, සහ හෙප්තලයිට්වරුන් විසින් යටත් කරගැනීම[12]
375
වර්ග ප්‍රමාණය
200 පමණ.[13]2,000,000 km2 (770,000 sq mi)
200 පමණ.[14]2,500,000 km2 (970,000 sq mi)
ව්‍යවහාර මුදලකුෂාණ ඩ්‍රක්මා
පූර්වප්‍රාප්ති වනුයේ		 අනුප්‍රාප්ති වනුයේ
ඉන්දු-ග්‍රීක රාජධානිය
ඉන්දු-පාර්තියානු රාජධානිය
ඉන්දු-සිතියානුවෝ
සැසේනියානු අධිරාජ්‍යය
ගුප්ත අධිරාජ්‍යය
පද්මාවතියෙහි නාගයෝ
කිඩරයිට්වරු

කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය (පුරාතන ග්‍රීක: Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν; බැක්ට්‍රියානු: Κυϸανο, Kushano; පසුකාලීන බ්‍රාහ්මී සංස්කෘත: , Ku-ṣā-ṇa, Kuṣāṇa; දේවනාගරී සංස්කෘත: कुषाण राजवंश, Kuṣāṇa Rājavaṃśa; බෞදෙස: Guṣāṇa-vaṃśa; පාර්තියානු: 𐭊𐭅𐭔𐭍 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓, Kušan-xšaθr; චීන: 貴霜[15]) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ මුල්කාලීන 1වන සියවසේ බැක්ට්‍රියානු භූමියෙහි පැවති යුඒචිවරුන් විසින් ගොඩනැගි අධිරාජ්‍යයකි. මෙය වර්තමාන ඇෆ්ඝනිස්තානය, පාකිස්තානය සහ උතුරු ඉන්දියාව[16] මෙන්ම අවම වශයෙන් සාකේත සහ වාරාණසී (බෙණාරෙස්) අසල සාරනාත් දක්වා වන භූමියෙහි පැතිර තිබෙන්නට ඇතැයි සිතිය හැක්කේ එම ස්ථානවලින් හමුවන කුෂාණ අධිරාජ මහා කණිෂ්කගේ අභිලේඛන හේතුවෙනි.[17]

පාලකයෝ

[සංස්කරණය]

වඩාත්ම මෑතකාලීනව පිළියෙල කරන ලද රාජාවලිය මෙසේ ය:[18]

  • හෙරාඕස් (1 ප. – 30), සිය කාසිවල තමන් "කුෂාණ" ලෙස සඳහන් වන ප්‍රථම පාලකයායි
"මහා කුෂාණයෝ";
"කුඩා කුෂාණයෝ";

සැකිල්ල:Kushans

මේවාත් බලන්න

[සංස්කරණය]

සටහන්

[සංස්කරණය]

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

[සංස්කරණය]
  1. ^ Romila Thapar (2004). Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. University of California Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-520-24225-8.
  2. ^ Burton Stein (2010). A History of India. John Wiley & Sons. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1.
  3. ^ Peter Robb (2011). A History of India. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2.[permanent dead link]
  4. ^ Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2016). A History of India. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-24212-3.
  5. ^ Di Castro, Angelo Andrea; Hope, Colin A. (2005). "The Barbarisation of Bactria" in Cultural Interaction in Afghanistan c 300 BCE to 300 CE. Melbourne: Monash University Press. pp. 1–18, map visible online page 2 of Hestia, a Tabula Iliaca and Poseidon's trident. ISBN 978-1876924393.
  6. ^ The Kushans at first retained the Greek language for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian Rabatak inscription (discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king Kanishka the Great (c. 127 AD), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"), from Falk (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, p. 133.
  7. ^ The Bactrian Rabatak inscription (discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king Kanishka the Great (c. 127 AD), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language"), from Falk (2001): "The yuga of Sphujiddhvaja and the era of the Kuṣâṇas." Harry Falk. Silk Road Art and Archaeology VII, p. 133.
  8. ^ The Sanskrit word vaṃśa (dynasty) affixed to Gushana (Kushana), i.e. Gushana-vaṃśa (Kushan dynasty) appears on a dedicatory inscription at Manikiala stupa, in The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, University of California Press, 1967, p.7 & 8
  9. ^ Liu 2010, පිටු අංකය: 61.
  10. ^ Bopearachchi 2007, පිටු අංකය: 45.
  11. ^ Golden 1992, පිටු අංකය: 56.
  12. ^ "Afghanistan: Central Asian and Sassanian Rule, ca. 150 B.C.-700 A.D." United States: Library of Congress Country Studies. 1997. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 2012-08-16.
  13. ^ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X. සම්ප්‍රවේශය 12 September 2016.
  14. ^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 132. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
  15. ^ The Dynasty Arts of the Kushans, University of California Press, 1967, p.7
  16. ^ http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm සංරක්ෂණය කළ පිටපත 2015-07-07 at the Wayback Machine and Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, (Tr. Samuel Beal: Travels of Fa-Hian, The Mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-S?ng, Books 1–5), Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd. London. 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 318–350
  17. ^ which began about 127 CE. "Falk 2001, pp. 121–136", Falk (2001), pp. 121–136, Falk, Harry (2004), pp. 167–176 and Hill (2009), pp. 29, 33, 368–371.
  18. ^ Cribb, Joe; Donovan, Peter (2014). Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan (ඉංග්‍රීසි බසින්). p. 4.icon of an open green padlock
  19. ^ a b c The Glorious History of Kushana Empire, Adesh Katariya, 2012, p.69

බාහිර සබැඳි

[සංස්කරණය]
කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය හා සබැඳි මාධ්‍ය විකිමාධ්‍ය කොමන්ස් හි ඇත.

සැකිල්ල:Central Asian history සැකිල්ල:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia සැකිල්ල:Ancient South Asia and Central Asia

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