Quinolone antibiotic

Quinolone antibiotic
	Ciprofloxacin. A fluoroquinolone medication, commonly used for respiratory and urinary infections.
Clinical data
Routes of; administration	Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Metabolism	Liver
Identifiers
DrugBank	DB00537;

Fluoroquinolones are a group of chemical substances used for antibiotic treatment of bacterial infection.^[1] They can be used to treat many different infections, since they work against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, the two main types of bacteria.^[2] Benefits of using fluoroquinolones for treatment include their ease of access, simple formulas, large amount of bacterial targets, effectiveness against infection, and unlikely chance of side effects.^[2]

Nomenclature and structure

Fluoroquinolones are a sub-class of quinolone antibiotics, named for their chemical structure. Fluoroquinolones have a similar structure to quinolones; two fused carbohydrate rings with a fluorine atom attached to the sixth carbon and a nitrogen atom replacing the eighth carbon atom.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Medicine

The following medicines are fluoroquinolone antiobiotics:^[5]

Norfloxacin (Norocin)
Lomefloxacin (Maxaquin)
Enoxacin (Penetrex)
Ofloxacin (Floxin)
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
Levofloxacin (Levaquin)
Sparfloxacin (Zagam)
Gatifloxacin (Tequin)
Moxifloxacin (Avelox)
Trovafloxacin (Trovan)
Alatrofloxacin (Trovan IV)

Ciproflaxin is the most frequently prescribed fluoroquinolone antibiotic, for its strength against gram-negative bacilli bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella.^[3]^[6]

Mechanism of action

Fluoroquinolones kill bacteria by damaging their DNA, through halting enzyme function. Enzymes Topoisomerase I and IV are affected such that the supercoiling of bacterial genetic material is not functional.^[4]

Side effects

The following side effects can occur during fluoroquinolone antibiotic treatment:^[1]^[7]

retinal damage
Achilles tendon damage
Nerve disfunction (peripheral neuropathy)
psychiatric change (central neuropathy)
diarrhea

Bacterial resistance

A growing number of bacteria are becoming resistant to quinolone antibiotics due to overuse.^[8] To slow the spread of bacterial resistance, fluoroquinolones are usually used as treatment after specific antibiotic medicines have been ruled out.^[4]

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Martens, Evan; Demain, Arnold L. (2017-01-01), Kurtböke, Ipek (ed.), "Chapter 7 - An Overview of the Industrial Aspects of Antibiotic Discovery", Microbial Resources, Academic Press, pp. 149–168, ISBN 978-0-12-804765-1, retrieved 2023-07-04
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Pham, Thu D. M.; Ziora, Zyta M.; Blaskovich, Mark A. T. (2019-10-16). "Quinolone antibiotics". MedChemComm. 10 (10): 1719–1739. doi:10.1039/C9MD00120D. ISSN 2040-2511. PMC 6836748. PMID 31803393.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Kocsis, Bela; Domokos, J.; Szabo, D. (2016-05-23). "Chemical structure and pharmacokinetics of novel quinolone agents represented by avarofloxacin, delafloxacin, finafloxacin, zabofloxacin and nemonoxacin". Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 15 (1): 34. doi:10.1186/s12941-016-0150-4. ISSN 1476-0711. PMC 4878067. PMID 27215369.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Redgrave, Liam S.; Sutton, Sam B.; Webber, Mark A.; Piddock, Laura J.V. (August 2014). "Fluoroquinolone resistance: mechanisms, impact on bacteria, and role in evolutionary success". Trends in Microbiology. 22 (8): 438–445. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.04.007. ISSN 0966-842X.
↑ King, D. E.; Malone, R.; Lilley, S. H. (2000-05-01). "New classification and update on the quinolone antibiotics". American Family Physician. 61 (9): 2741–2748. ISSN 0002-838X. PMID 10821154.
↑ Thai, Tony; Salisbury, Blake H.; Zito, Patrick M. (2023), "Ciprofloxacin", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30571075, retrieved 2023-07-04
↑ Baggio, Diva; R Ananda-Rajah, Michelle (2021-10-01). "Fluoroquinolone antibiotics and adverse events". Australian Prescriber. 44 (5): 161–164. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2021.035. PMC 8542490. PMID 34728881.
↑ Walker, Randall C. (October 1999). "The Fluoroquinolones". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 74 (10): 1030–1037. doi:10.4065/74.10.1030. ISSN 0025-6196.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Martens, Evan; Demain, Arnold L. (2017-01-01), Kurtböke, Ipek (ed.), "Chapter 7 - An Overview of the Industrial Aspects of Antibiotic Discovery", Microbial Resources, Academic Press, pp. 149–168, ISBN 978-0-12-804765-1, retrieved 2023-07-04

[:1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Pham, Thu D. M.; Ziora, Zyta M.; Blaskovich, Mark A. T. (2019-10-16). "Quinolone antibiotics". MedChemComm. 10 (10): 1719–1739. doi:10.1039/C9MD00120D. ISSN 2040-2511. PMC 6836748. PMID 31803393.

[:2-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Kocsis, Bela; Domokos, J.; Szabo, D. (2016-05-23). "Chemical structure and pharmacokinetics of novel quinolone agents represented by avarofloxacin, delafloxacin, finafloxacin, zabofloxacin and nemonoxacin". Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials. 15 (1): 34. doi:10.1186/s12941-016-0150-4. ISSN 1476-0711. PMC 4878067. PMID 27215369.

[:3-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Redgrave, Liam S.; Sutton, Sam B.; Webber, Mark A.; Piddock, Laura J.V. (August 2014). "Fluoroquinolone resistance: mechanisms, impact on bacteria, and role in evolutionary success". Trends in Microbiology. 22 (8): 438–445. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2014.04.007. ISSN 0966-842X.

[5] King, D. E.; Malone, R.; Lilley, S. H. (2000-05-01). "New classification and update on the quinolone antibiotics". American Family Physician. 61 (9): 2741–2748. ISSN 0002-838X. PMID 10821154.

[6] Thai, Tony; Salisbury, Blake H.; Zito, Patrick M. (2023), "Ciprofloxacin", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30571075, retrieved 2023-07-04

[7] Baggio, Diva; R Ananda-Rajah, Michelle (2021-10-01). "Fluoroquinolone antibiotics and adverse events". Australian Prescriber. 44 (5): 161–164. doi:10.18773/austprescr.2021.035. PMC 8542490. PMID 34728881.

[8] Walker, Randall C. (October 1999). "The Fluoroquinolones". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 74 (10): 1030–1037. doi:10.4065/74.10.1030. ISSN 0025-6196.

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