Mlima Nyiragongo
Mlima Nyiragongo ni volkeno yenye mwinuko wa mita 3,470 juu ya UB [1] iliyopo kwenye Milima ya Virunga iliyopo mpakani mwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo na Rwanda. Mlima Nyiragongo ni sehemu ya Hifadhi ya Virunga ukiwa kilomita 12 upande wa kaskazini mwa miji ya Goma (Kongo) na Gisenyi (Rwanda).
Kwenye kilele cha mlima kuna kasoko yenye upana wa kilomita 2 iliyojaa ziwa la lava (zaha), yaani miamba ya moto yaliyo katika hali ya kiowevu.
Ziwa hilo la lava la Nyiragongo wakati mwingine limekuwa ziwa la lava kubwa zaidi katika historia ya hivi karibuni. Kabla ya mlipuko wa mwaka 1977 lilikadiriwa na kina cha mita 600 kilichoshuka na kupanda tena.[2] [3] Mlima Nyiragongo na mlima jirani wa Nyamuragira ilikuwa chanzo cha karibu nusu ya milipuko yote ya volkeno katika historia inayojulikana barani Afrika. [4]
Historia ya milipuko
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Hakuna habari zilizorekodiwa zamani, lakini tangu mwaka 1882, imelipuka angalau mara 34.
Kuwepo kwa ziwa la lava kulithibitishwa kisayansi mwaka 1948. [5] Wakati huo, lilikuwa na eneo la m² 120,000. Utafiti uliofuata ulionyesha kuwa ziwa lilibadilika na wakati kwa ukubwa, kina, na jotoridi.
Mlipuko wa 1977
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Mnamo 10 Januari 1977 kuta za kasoko zilipasuka, na lava lilitoka nje na kutelemka katika muda wa saa moja. [6] Lava ilitiririka chini kwenye mtelemko wa mlima kwa kasi ya hadi kilomita 60 kwa saa.[7] Vijiji kadhaa viliungua moto na watu wasiopungua 600 waliuawa. [8]
Hali ya vijiji vingi kuwa karibu na mlima Nyiragongo huongeza uwezo wake wa kusababisha maafa asilia.
Milipuko ya 2002
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Maziwa ya lava yalirudi kutokea ndani ya kasoko ya Nyamirongo kutokana na milipuko midogo mnamo 1982-1983 na 1994.
Mlipuko mwingine mkubwa wa volkeno ulianza mnamo 17 Januari 2002. Ufa wenye urefu wa kilomita 13 ulifunguka upande wa kusini wa mlima kuanzia kwenye kimo cha mita 2,800 ukashuka hadi majengo ya kwanza ya mji wa Goma kwenye kimo cha mita 1,550. Lava ilitiririka kutoka mashimo upande wa chini wa ufa ikatiririka kama mto wa lava wenye upana wa mita 200 hadi 1,000 na unene wa mita 2 katika mji wenyewe ilipopoa na kuganda.
Watu 400,000 walihamishwa kutoka mji kuvuka mpaka wa Rwanda wakikimbia Gisenyi, mji jirani upande wa Rwanda wakati wa mlipuko huo. Lava ilifika Ziwa Kivu[9] ambako ilisababisha hofu ya kutoka gesi sumu zinazolala kwenye vilindi vya ziwa jinsi ilivyowahi kutokea kwenye janga la nchini Kamerun mnamo 1986. Hii haikutokea, lakini wataalamu wa volkano wanaendelea kufuatilia eneo hilo kwa karibu. [10] Lakini hali iliyohofiwa haikitokea.
Karibu 245 watu walikufa katika mlipuko huo kutokana na kukosa hewa kwa uenezi wa dioksidi kabonia na majengo kuporomoka kwa sababu ya lava na matetemeko ya ardhi. [11] Lava ilifunika asilimia 13 ya eneo la Goma, karibu km² 4.7[12] na karibu watu 20,000 walibaki bila makao[13].
Mlipuko wa 2021
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Mnamo 22 Mei 2021 iliripotiwa kuwa volkano hiyo imeanza kulipuka tena. [14] Lava ilikaribia uwanja wa ndege wa Goma.[15] Barabara kuu ya kuelekea Beni ilizuiliwa na lava. Wakazi wengi kutoka Goma walikimbia kuelekea mpaka wa Rwanda. [16] [17] Mlipuko huo ulisababisha vifo vya watu wasiopungua 15, vingi vyake vikisababishwa na ajali za gari katika uokoaji uliofuata. [18]
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Global Volcanism Program. "Nyiragongo". Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 30 Oktoba 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Tedesco, Dario (2007). "January 2002 volcano‐tectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B9): B09202. Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.9202T. doi:10.1029/2006JB004762.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ↑ Burgi, P.‐Y.; Darrah, T. H.; Tedesco, Dario; Eymold, W. K. (2014). "Dynamics of the Mount Nyiragongo lava lake". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (5): 4106–4122. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.4106B. doi:10.1002/2013JB010895.
- ↑ "Virunga National Park". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Iliwekwa mnamo 13 Februari 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., whr. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. ku. 272–273. ISBN 978-0-89577-087-5.
- ↑ Global Volcanism Program. "Nyiragongo". Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 30 Oktoba 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)Global Volcanism Program. "Nyiragongo". Washington, D.C.: Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. - ↑ Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness Book of World Records 2014. The Jim Pattison Group. uk. 15. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
- ↑ "Mount Nyiragongo: DR Congo plans to evacuate city as volcano erupts". 23 Mei 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Hiroyuki, Hamaguchi. "Cooperative Observations at Nyiragongo Volcano in D.R. of Congo" (PDF). Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 29 Mei 2005.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "'I monitor Congo's deadliest volcano'". BBC News. Iliwekwa mnamo 2017-10-19.
- ↑ Solana, Carmen. "Gone with the wind". The Guardian. Iliwekwa mnamo 4 Agosti 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ USAID (15 Agosti 2002). "Democratic Republic of the Congo – Volcano Fact Sheet #13, Fiscal Year (FY) 2002". ReliefWeb. Iliwekwa mnamo 15 Januari 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Tedesco, Dario (2007). "January 2002 volcano‐tectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B9): B09202. Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.9202T. doi:10.1029/2006JB004762.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help)Tedesco, Dario; et al. (2007). doi:10.1029/2006JB004762|"January 2002 volcano‐tectonic eruption of Nyiragongo volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 112 (B9): B09202. Bibcode:2007JGRB..112.9202T. doi:10.1029/2006JB004762. - ↑ "Mount Nyiragongo: DR Congo residents flee as volcano erupts", 2021-05-23.
- ↑ "Mount Nyiragongo erupts in eastern Congo, thousands flee Goma". 23 Mei 2021. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2021-05-24. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-05-25.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "'Mount Nyiragongo: People flee as DR Congo volcano erupts'". BBC News. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-05-22.
- ↑ "DR Congo orders Goma evacuation after Mount Nyiragongo erupts", May 22, 2021.
- ↑ "Congo's Mount Nyiragongo Volcano Destroys Hundreds of Homes; At Least 15 Dead | The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com". The Weather Channel (kwa American English). Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-05-25.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- HUGE Lava Eruption Burns Homes! Mount Nyiragongo, DR Congo - May 22, 2021
- The Big Picture: Nyiragongo Crater
- Nyiragongo Volcano Video on France 24 TV/(no longer available)
- Tourism at Nyiragongo Volcano
- Photos of Nyiragongo lava lake in January 2011
- BBC News pictures of the destruction of Goma by the 2002 Eruption
- PBS Nova: "Volcano under the City"
- Stromboli Online's expedition to Nyiragongo in May, 2005
- Alkali Basalt Association of the Continents
- Google Earth view
- Mount Nyiragongo tourism Portal
