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Alcohol in Malaysia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Local brands of arak putih in a market in Sabah

Alcohol in Malaysia refers to the consumption, industry and laws of alcohol in the Southeast Asian country of Malaysia. Although Malaysia is a Muslim majority country, the country permits the selling of alcohol to non-Muslims. There are no nationwide alcohol bans being enforced in the country, with the exception of Kelantan and Terengganu which is only for Muslims.[1] The Islamic party respects the rights of non-Muslims and non-Muslim establishments like Chinese restaurants and grocery shops are excluded from such bans.[2] The federal territory of Kuala Lumpur has the highest alcohol consumption in the country, followed by the states of Sarawak in second place and Sabah in third place.[3]

Based on a report released by International Organisation of Good Templars in 2016, Malaysia has the third highest tax on alcohol worldwide at 15%, behind Norway and Singapore which are predicted to keep increasing.[4] The country has an annual spending of RM2 billion on alcoholic drinks.[4] Prior to the Trans-Pacific Partnership, Malaysia together with Vietnam plans to drop import tariffs on beer, whisky and other alcoholic drinks.[5]

History and tradition

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Jars for the making of the traditional rice wine of tapai in Sabah.

The tradition of brewing alcoholic drinks in Malaysia is most prominent in the island of Borneo. Indigenous islanders traditionally drank home-made rice wine called tuak and tapai in their communal gatherings and harvest festivals of Gawai Dayak and Kaamatan.[6] Alcohol consumption in the Malay Peninsula has been less common since the introduction of Islam.[7] However, the production and consumption of alcohol (arak) has been a tradition since the time of Hang Tuah in the 15th century.[8] In the 20th century, palm toddy was popular among the local Indian and Chinese communities. The Chinese also made samsu rice wine. The British brought their own traditional brewed alcoholic drinks, such as beer and stout. In the 1930, the first brewery was established in neighbouring British Singapore.[6]

Industry and products

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Beer

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Sign on a refrigerator on Langkawi Island notifying that sales of beer are for non-Muslim customers only
See also: Beer in Malaysia

Since the British colonial times, Tiger Beer was the first commercial beer brewed in 1932 by Malayan Breweries Limited, a Singapore-based brewery which was formed from a merger between Heineken and Fraser and Neave (F&N).[9] The beginning of alcohol productions in Malaysia start in 1968, when two leading breweries, Guinness and Malayan, merged to form a new company known as Guinness Anchor Berhad. In 1970, Carlsberg established its first brewery outside Kuala Lumpur.[6] Both are since the only legal commercial breweries in Malaysia, which account for 95% of the total beer and stout volume in the country market. In 2007, another two breweries known as Napex and Jaz brewed beer for pubs in the country, but both have since ceased from operation.[9] Beside local productions, many alcoholic drinks in the country are also imported from neighbouring countries such as Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam.

Tuak

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A tasting flight of six different varieties of tuak, served with traditional snacks

Tuak (Dayak), also known as lihing (Kadazan-Dusun) or tapai (Malay), is a rice wine made from fermented rice and yeast, with an alcohol content between 5% and 20%.[10] It is common in Borneo and particularly important for the Dayak people.[10]

Arak putih

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Arak putih, Malay for "white liquor", is a generic term for locally produced distilled liquor (arrack).[11] While sometimes mistranslated as white wine, the drink is typically much stronger than wine (up to 60%) and is not made from grapes.

Regulation

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Alcoholic drinks being put in a separate storage places with a label "non-halal" in the Giant Supermarket of Sabah.

The legal drinking age (purchasing) for Malaysia is 21 years old and above.[12][13][14] The legal limit for alcohol while driving in Malaysia is 80 milligrams per decilitre or 100 millilitres.[15] Any vendors, restaurants and retailers need a licence to serve or sell tap/draft beers, liquor and spirits in the country. Bottled and canned beers are exempted from such licence requirements, which is why it is common to find many vendors and coffee houses serving alcohol in their premises without a licence.[15] Malaysia also imposes nationwide regulations for vendors to place their alcoholic drinks into separate refrigerators or storage places, although this was opposed by certain vendors in the state of Penang.[16] The high tax on alcohol has increased the price of alcoholic drinks in Malaysia, harming some drinkers who turn to unsafe alcohol smuggled in from neighbouring countries.[17] In 2018, around 45 people died in the country's worst methanol poisoning involving foreign workers and several Malaysians due to the consumption of cheap fake liquors acquired from the country's black markets.[18][19]

Following Demerit Points System for Traffic Offences (KEJARA), a police officer or JPJ officer can take breath, blood or urine samples of drunk driver. If alcohol content is found in the samples, a fine of RM 2000 or 6 months imprisonment may be imposed for the first offence.[citation needed]

Alcohol is generally prohibited for Muslim consumers in the country as Malaysia's sharia law forbids Muslims from drinking alcohol. Alcohol is mostly banned for Muslims in the states of Kelantan and Terengganu.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Liquor Control Bill: How other countries and cities in Asia tackle drinking". The Straits Times. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  2. ^ Murad, Dina (25 November 2014). "Husam: Right of non-Muslims to consume alcohol, even in Kelantan". The Star. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  3. ^ "Sabah is 3rd highest in alcohol consumption". The Star. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  4. ^ a b "Malaysia: Alcohol Tax Set To Increase". International Organisation of Good Templars. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  5. ^ "Malaysia, Vietnam to drop import duties on beer, liquor". Nikkei Asian Review. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  6. ^ a b c Jernigan, David H; K Indran, Saroja. "Country Profile on Alcohol in Malaysia" (PDF). Asia Pacific Alcohol Policy Alliance. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  7. ^ Kortteinen, Stimo (2008). "Negotiating Ethnic Identities: Alcohol as a Social Marker in East and West Malaysia" (PDF). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  8. ^ Bot Genoot, Schap (2010). Hikayat Hang Tuah. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa. ISBN 978-979-069-058-5.
  9. ^ a b Cheang, Michael (17 October 2015). "6 things you need to know about beer in Malaysia". Star2. Archived from the original on 27 January 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  10. ^ a b "Tuak - the ancient culture in Borneo". 27 August 2013.
  11. ^ HB (22 April 2004). "Arak Putih Rumah Panjai – longhouse liquor –". Sixthseal.com. Retrieved 26 May 2023.
  12. ^ Aziz, Fazleena (1 June 2016). "Minimum drinking age raised to 21, effective 2017". New Straits Times. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  13. ^ "Malaysia to raise minimum age for alcohol consumption to 21, from the current 18". The Straits Times. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  14. ^ Food Regulations 1985 http://fsq.moh.gov.my/v6/xs/dl.php?filename=75b1d35b5e01078e3d91e6a38c1a2a22.pdf
  15. ^ a b Ramon, Jason Cristiano. "Alcohol Policies in Malaysia". USA Today. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  16. ^ Sivaji, V. (25 October 2016). "Coffee shop, restaurant owners against separate storage space for alcohol". The Malay Mail. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
  17. ^ Shoesmith, Wendy Diana; Oo Tha, Naing; Saw Naming, Khin; Haji Abbas, Roslee; Abdullah, Ahmad Faris (21 February 2016). "Unrecorded Alcohol and Alcohol-Related Harm in Rural Sabah, Malaysia: A Socio-economically Deprived Region with Expensive Beer and Cheap Local Spirits". Alcohol and Alcoholism. 51 (6). Oxford University Press: 741–746. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agw005. PMID 26903070.
  18. ^ Rosli, Jamny (2 October 2018). "Methanol poisoning: Health Ministry tracking down source as deaths hit 45". The Malay Mail. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  19. ^ Whitehead, Richard (5 October 2018). "When cheap booze turns into a public health crisis". Beverage Daily. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
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