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This article is about buses in Perth, Western Australia. For buses in Perth, Scotland, see Public transport in Perth and Kinross § Bus.

Buses in Perth
From top left to bottom right: a Volvo B8RLE, a Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE operating the Fremantle CAT, a Volvo B7RLE operating the Perth CAT, a Volvo B8RLEA articulated bus
Overview
OwnerPublic Transport Authority
LocalePerth, Mandurah and surrounds
Transit typeBus
Number of stations37 bus-train interchanges
14 bus-only stations
Annual ridership82,273,790 (year to June 2024)
HeadquartersPublic Transport Centre
Operation
Operator(s)Path Transit (1996–present)
Swan Transit (1996–present)
Transdev WA (1996–present)
MTT (1958–1998)
Various (before 1964)
Number of vehicles1,573 as of June 2023

Buses in Perth, the capital city of Western Australia, are run under the Transperth brand. The system is owned and managed by the Public Transport Authority and operations are contracted out to private operators: Swan Transit, Path Transit and Transdev.

The Transperth system has 38 bus stations, 30 of which are integrated with train stations. With 82,273,790 boardings in the year to June 2024, it is the fourth busiest bus system in Australia, after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.

History

[edit]

The first private bus operator began in Perth in 1903.[1] In order to protect the railways, the state government passed the Transport Co-ordination Act in 1934, forcing road transport operators to obtain a licence to transport passengers or goods. The licencing board generally permitted bus operators to continue operating, but with restrictions on when the buses could operate to reduce competition with trains. This act remained in force until 1959.[2] The first commercially successful bus companies were set up by returning soldiers following World War I.[3] Trolleybuses were introduced in 1933 as a supplement to the existing Perth tram network.[1]

Investment in buses fell during and after World War II, leading the buses to become run-down. Car ownership became more common as well, and these factors caused bus patronage to fall following 1950.[3]

In 1957, the Parliament of Western Australia passed the Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport Trust Act. The act was assented on 10 December that year and on 15 January 1958, the Metropolitan (Perth) Passenger Transport Trust was formed under the trading name Metropolitan Transport Trust, or MTT for short. The act called for the MTT "to provide, maintain, protect and manage … efficient passenger transport facilities."[4][5]

The MTT commenced operations on 31 August 1958. The first two private operators the MTT acquired were Metro Buses and Beam Transport. Later in 1958, Carlisle Bus Service, Kalamunda Bus Service and United Buses were acquired. In early 1959, Emu Buses was acquired. No further acquisitions were in the 1959–60 financial year, but negotiations commenced for the acquisition of the WA Government Tramways and Ferries, the Fremantle Municipal Transport Board, the Riverton Bus Service, and the Coogee-Spearwood Bus Company. Concession fares for pensioners and ex-service people were introduced. The following financial year, the MTT acquired the aforementioned agencies and companies. By this point, the MTT owned 26 different engine models which resulted in high maintenance and repair costs, so the MTT adopted a fleet standardisation policy.[4]

The MTT acquired the North Beach Bus Company in October 1961 and in April 1962, it acquired the Scarborough Bus Service. The MTT took over the operation of the Perth to Wanneroo bus service from Metro Tours in June 1964. Bus-ferry transfers were introduced in 1964–65, which allowed transfers between the two modes with no additional cost to the passenger. This resulted in an increase in patronage on the ferry services from the Barrack Street Jetty to the Mends Street Jetty in South Perth. Diesel buses started to take over the trolleybus routes as well that financial year. On 30 August 1969, the last trolleybuses ran, making Perth the last city in Australia where trolleybuses operated.[4][6]: 8 

In 1972–73, the first bus stations opened in Perth. A bus station in Morley opened in August 1972 and Wellington Street bus station opened in March 1973. These bus stations were part of a plan to build a ring of bus stations in suburban locations around Perth near shopping centres, operate feeder buses to the bus stations, where passengers could then transfer to mainline buses to the Perth central business district (CBD). Express buses would also operate between suburban bus stations and the Perth CBD during peak periods. More of these bus stations would open over the following years, including Karrinyup in September 1974, Rockingham in November 1974, Kwinana in 1975–76, Booragoon in September 1976, Innaloo in January 1977, and Mirrabooka in September 1979. In June 1980, Kelmscott railway station was redeveloped to incorporate a bus station on the railway platform for convenient transfers. Rockingham bus station was relocated to a new site in May 1981, Warwick bus station opened in March 1982, and Kalamunda bus station opened in September 1982.[4]

In September 1973, the MTT introduced the City Clipper services, which were free bus routes which ran within the Perth CBD and are predecessors to the Perth Central Area Transit (CAT) routes.[4]

In 1974, the MTT assumed control of Perth's suburban rail services, making all public transport in Perth under the control of one organisation for the first time.[1][4][7] A common fare system between the trains and the buses was introduced for the first time that year. The new fare system meant many patrons got cheaper travel, in particular those who travelled long distances, and it reduced operating costs and helped to speed up services. Free return journeys within two hours were also facilitated by the new system.[4] Smoking was banned on all MTT buses in May 1975, making the MTT Australia's first public transport operator to do so.[4]

The MTT adopted Transperth as its trading name on 31 August 1986.[1][4][5]

Bus road with concrete concourse deck above
Elizabeth Quay bus station
Curved concrete bus bridge over and down into a freeway
Kwinana Freeway bus on ramp at Canning Bridge railway station. The station was initially a bus station before being converted to a railway station when the Mandurah line was constructed.

Construction on the Perth City Busport (now called Elizabeth Quay bus station) began in July 1988. As part of the busport, a 7-kilometre (4.3 mi) busway was constructed down the median of the Kwinana Freeway between the busport and Canning Bridge. The busway opened in November 1989. The Perth City Busport officially opened in November 1991. The Kwinana Freeway busway was extended by 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to Mount Henry Bridge in 1991 as well.[4]

The Northern Suburbs Transit System fully opened in March 1993 as the Joondalup line. Bus routes in the northern suburbs were reorganised so that they fed into the Joondalup line. In June 1994, the new Morley bus station opened.[4]

Privatisation

[edit]

In 1993, planning and coordination of public transport was transferred from the MTT to the Department of Transport, whilst the operation of the system remained with the MTT.[1] In September 1993, Transport Minister Eric Charlton announced plans to privatise the operation of Transperth bus services, following a recommendation given by a report written by the Commission to Review Public Sector Finances. The MTT would be corporatized and compete with the private sector to win contracts for the operation of Transperth services. This was planned to reduce the cost of operating the system whilst retaining the existing level of service.[8] The system would remain an integrated system under the Transperth brand[9] and the government would retain control of route planning, timetabling and fares as well as own all buses and infrastructure for the time being. The bus system was divided into 15 contract areas, with nine of these being put to tender in 1995 and 1996.[7]

The MTT was renamed MetroBus in February 1995 as part of its corporatization,[10] and in July 1995, MetroBus was named the preferred tenderer for the operation of buses in the Joondalup North and Armadale South contract areas.[11] The contract for those areas was signed in November 1995, with a length of five years.[12] Swan Transit became the first private operator, being awarded a seven-year contract to operate buses in the Midland contract area in January 1996.[12] Further contracts were awarded in September 1996, with Southern Coast Transit becoming the operator for the Rockingham contract area, Swan Transit becoming the operator for the Southern River and Canning contract areas, and Path Transit becoming the operator for the Marmion and Wanneroo contract areas.[12]

Contracts awarded in 1995–1996
Operator Contract area Date Term
MetroBus Armadale South November 1995 5 years
Joondalup North
Swan Transit Midland January 1996 7 years
MetroBus CAT June 1996 3 years
Southern Coast Transit Rockingham September 1996 7 years
Swan Transit Southern River 6 years
Canning
Path Transit Marmion 7 years
Wanneroo

The transport minister announced in October 1997 plans to tender out the operation of the remaining contract areas by July 1998. The Joondalup North, Armadale South and Kalamunda contract areas had a restricted tender process where they were offered only to the three existing Transperth private sector operators.[13] The Joondalup North contract area was awarded to Path Transit and the Armadale South and Kalamunda contract areas were awarded to Swan Transit by December 1997.[14] The remaining contract areas had a public tender process and all contracts areas were planned to be privately operated by July 1998.[13] Southern Coast Transit was awarded the contracts for Fremantle, Cockburn and the CAT system; Connex WA was awarded the contracts for the Belmont and Claremont contract areas, and Path Transit was awarded the contract for the Morley contract area.[15] These contracts commenced in July 1998, and so MetroBus no longer operated buses as of that month.[4][16]

The bus contracting model used in Perth has since been used in Singapore.[17][18]

Curtin University bus station opened on 17 November 1999, built at a cost of $1.5 million and jointly funded by Curtin University and the state government.[19]

21st century

[edit]

Connex WA was purchased by Swan Transit in 2002, leaving the Transperth bus system with three operators.[20]

The Public Transport Authority (PTA) was formed on 1 July 2003, taking over from the Department of Transport as the owner and manager of the Transperth system.[21]

Bus road on bridge over freeway
Bus interchange at Murdoch railway station on the Mandurah line

The Mandurah line opened on 23 December 2007, which resulting in a radical redrawing of bus routes in the southern suburbs so that they feed into the Mandurah line stations, which all had bus interchanges.

Underground waiting area surrounded by glass windows into the busway
Perth Busport underground waiting area

As part of the Perth City Link project, Wellington Street bus station was closed on 27 January 2014 and replaced by the temporary Roe Street bus station so that the underground Perth Busport could be constructed in the Wellington Street bus station's place.[22] Perth Busport began operations on 17 July 2016, replacing Roe Street bus station. The busport cost $217 million and features dynamic stand allocation to increase capacity.[23][24]

Perth Stadium bus station opened at the start of 2018. It was built to serve Perth Stadium and services only operate during stadium events.[25] Curtin Central bus station, at Curtin University, opened on 17 February 2019 to supplement Curtin University bus station and service a new transit-oriented development.[26] On 3 November 2019, Henley Brook bus station opened and Ellenbrook transfer station closed.[27][28]

Routes

[edit]
Main article: List of bus routes in Perth, Western Australia

Transperth has 281 standard routes, 270 school bus routes and nine Central Area Transit (CAT) routes.[29]

Central Area Transit

[edit]
Silver bus with black cat painted on the side
A Volvo B7RLE operating a Perth CAT
Main article: Perth Central Area Transit

Central Area Transit (CAT) buses operate in the Perth CBD and Joondalup. CAT buses are free.[30] Perth CAT buses are funded by a parking levy on non-residential parking bays in the City of Perth.[31] Joondalup CAT buses are funded by the City of Joondalup and Edith Cowan University and only operate on weekdays.[32] There were Fremantle CAT buses which were funded by the City of Fremantle and the PTA. On 30 September 2023, the Fremantle CAT was withdrawn.[33][34]

High frequency routes

[edit]

High frequency bus routes are numbered in the 900s. The minimum frequencies required for a high frequency route are every 15 minutes between 7 am and 7 pm on weekdays, every 15 minutes between 8 am and 7 pm on Saturdays, and every 15 minutes between 9 am and 7 pm on Sundays. High frequency routes have different coloured timetables to distinguish them from regular routes.[35]

Silver and green bus
A Mercedes-Benz OC 500 LE CNG-powered bus operating route 950, the busiest bus route in Perth

The first high frequency bus route in Perth was the 950, running from Morley bus station to Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre via Beaufort Street, the Perth CBD and the University of Western Australia. This route started operating on 27 January 2014, replacing several existing routes and allowing people to go from the route's northern and southern legs without transferring to a different bus route. At its most frequent, the 950 runs every one to four minutes, making it Perth's most frequent bus route.[36][37] By May 2014, the 950 had 17,000 daily riders, 2,000 more than expected,[38] and within the first year of operating, the 950 had 3.7 million total boardings, 1 million more than the bus routes the 950 replaced.[39] By July 2014, peak hour bus lanes had been completed along Beaufort Street between Bulwer Street and Grand Promenade.[40][41] More bus lanes were built along Mounts Bay Road in 2015, further speeding up the 950.[42] In a customer satisfaction survey, it was found that passengers on the 950 were the most satisfied out of any Transperth bus route excluding CAT bus routes, with 94 percent satisfaction.[43] In August 2017, a free wi-fi trial commenced for two buses used on the 950.[44][45]

On 9 October 2016, route 960 was introduced, running between Curtin University and Mirrabooka bus station via the Perth CBD and Edith Cowan University in Mount Lawley. The 960 replaced two previous routes and was made possible by new $1.4 million bus lanes along Fitzgerald Street.[46][47][48] Route 970 also started on the same day as the 960, running between Perth Busport and Mirrabooka bus station via Flinders Street.[47]

Route[35] Date introduced Routes replaced
910 11 October 2015[49] 105, 106
915 19 July 2020[50] 501
930 31 January 2016[51] 210, 211, 212
935 7 August 2016[52] 37
940 10 October 2022[53] 40
950 27 January 2014[36] 21, 22, 78, 79
960 9 October 2016[54] 885, 888
970 9 October 2016[54] 870
980 13 November 2022[55] 60
990 4 May 2014[56] 400, 408
995 18 July 2021[57] 102, 107

CircleRoute

[edit]
Main article: CircleRoute

The CircleRoute (routes 998 and 999) are a pair of bus routes that form a circuit around Perth's inner suburbs, linking railway stations, universities, hospitals and shopping centres and making journeys without going to the Perth CBD easier.[58] The first section of the CircleRoute was between Fremantle station and Oats Street station, launching on 16 February 1998.[59] By March 1998, over 4,000 people were using the CircleRoute per day.[60] The complete CircleRoute launched on 22 February 1999.[61] By April 1999, an average of 8,500 people were using the CircleRoute per weekday.[62] In December 2000, the CircleRoute started running seven days per week.[63] As of March 2017, the two CircleRoute routes were the second and third busiest Transperth bus routes.[64]

Event services

[edit]
Bus station viewed from an elevated position in the stadium
Perth Stadium bus station viewed from Perth Stadium

Transperth provides event services to and from Perth Stadium (Optus Stadium) before and after events. Event bus services link Perth Stadium bus station to the Perth CBD, Karrinyup bus station, Mirrabooka bus station, Morley bus station, Ellenbrook town centre via Bassendean station, Kalamunda bus station via High Wycombe station, Canning Vale, Curtin University bus station, Booragoon bus station via Canning Bridge station, and Fremantle station via Canning Bridge station.[25][65] The Perth Stadium bus station is designed to move 14,300 passengers by bus within one hour after an event at the stadium out of the total stadium capacity of 60,000 people.[65]

Stations

[edit]
Main article: List of Transperth bus stations

Transperth has fourteen bus-only stations and 37 bus-train interchange stations.[66]

Fleet

[edit]

At the end of the 2022–23 financial year, there were 1,573 Transperth buses, of which 1,210 were diesel powered, 359 were powered by compressed natural gas (CNG), and four were battery powered.[67] These buses were manufactured by Volvo and Mercedes-Benz and the bodies were manufactured by Volgren in Malaga, Western Australia. All buses purchased since 1999 have been low-floor and fully-wheelchair accessible.[68][69] From 2010, Transperth has purchased Euro 5 compliant buses, and more recently, Euro 6 compliant buses.[68]

Transperth received its first natural gas-powered bus in June 1993.[70] By April 1998, there were 46 gas buses in the fleet.[71]

In January 1999, Transperth received the first of 848 new low-floor and fully-wheelchair accessible Mercedes-Benz buses, supplied by DaimlerChrysler over 10-years.[72] It was chosen not to procure any gas buses as an "expert reference group" had determined that Euro 2 diesel buses were better.[73] In October 2000, a trial of three compressed natural gas (CNG) buses was announced. The trial was jointly funded by the state and federal governments at a cost of $5 million.[74][75][76][77] In 2001, new planning and infrastructure minister Alannah MacTiernan renegotiated the contract with DaimlerChrysler so that 451 CNG-powered buses could be supplied instead. The first of those buses entered service in early-2004.[78] In April 2004, the government signed a contract with Origin Energy to install CNG fuelling facilities at Morley and Bayswater bus depots.[79] In 2004, a trial of three hydrogen fuel cell buses commenced.[80]

Following the end of the previous contract, Volvo was awarded the next contract, worth $400 million for 65 buses per year over ten years. For a projected total of 650 buses.[81][82] The first of those buses was delivered in June 2011.[83] In 2013, a trial of one diesel-electric hybrid bus for the Perth CAT routes was undertaken.[84] The trial concluded that diesel-electric buses were not suitable and that $18.2 million would be spent to replace 32 CAT buses with Euro 6 diesel buses.[85]

A new contract was signed in March 2019 with Volvo for the supply of 900 buses over ten years at a cost of $549 million.[86][87]

Red bus stopped at bus station
Electric CAT buses at Joondalup railway station

In July 2020, the Government of Western Australia announced an electric bus trial for the Joondalup CAT routes. The trial involved four electric buses built under the existing ten-year contract that the PTA had with Volvo and Volgren. The trial involved the modification of the Joondalup bus depot for electric bus charging infrastructure and the Joondalup CAT routes were chosen as they were short routes which made them ideal for electric buses.[88][89] The first electric bus entered service on 28 February 2022.[90][91][92] They were manufactured in Melbourne, but the state government planned to manufacture future electric buses in Perth if the trial is successful.[93]

In 2022, the federal government committed $125 million to building electric bus charging infrastructure around Perth.[94] The state government committed $125 million to manufacture 130 electric buses in Perth. An initial $22 million was funded using the Perth parking levy to build charging infrastructure at Elizabeth Quay bus station and build 22 electric buses.[95][96] The first electric Perth CAT bus entered service in September 2024. It was also announced that Malaga depot would be upgraded for $12 million to allow for electric buses.[97][98]

Ticketing

[edit]
Further information: Transperth § Ticketing
Machine at the entrance on a bus used to wirelessly tag on using a SmartRider card
SmartRider tag-on machine on a Transperth bus

Contractors

[edit]

The bus system is split into 11 contract areas.

From January 2020, Swan Transit has held the Claremont, Marmion, and Joondalup areas under a ten-year contract. The Joondalup contract area was previously held by Transdev.[99][100] From October 2022, Transdev has held the Fremantle and Rockingham/Mandurah areas under a ten-year contract.[101]

Operator[67] Contract area[67] Patronage (2022–23)[67]
Path Transit Morley 9,164,000
Kalamunda 5,962,000
Swan Transit Marmion 6,497,000
Canning 6,528,000
Claremont 3,266,000
Midland 2,891,000
Southern River 3,378,000
Joondalup 5,950,000
Transdev Perth CATs
Fremantle 7,653,000
Rockingham/Mandurah 5,190,000

Depots

[edit]

There are 20 Transperth bus depots, five of which are privately owned and the remainder are owned by the PTA. The PTA has endeavoured to replace all private depots with PTA-owned depots.[102]

In July 2019, Mount Claremont bus depot opened, replacing the privately-owned North Fremantle bus depot.[103][102] By the end of 2024, a new bus depot is planned to open at Henley Brook bus station to replace the privately-owned Ellenbrook bus depot and provide for expanded services for the Morley–Ellenbrook line.[104] In September 2024, the PTA purchased a 3.27 hectares (8.1 acres) site in Bayswater for a new electric bus depot.[105]

Transperth depots[106]
Depot Ownership Contract area
Beckenham PTA Canning
Jandakot
Mount Claremont[103] Claremont
Shenton Park Private
Palmyra Fremantle
Joondalup PTA Joondalup
Nowergup
Wangara Private
Kalamunda PTA Kalamunda
Welshpool
Karrinyup Marmion
Ellenbrook Private Midland
Midvale
Mundaring PTA
Bayswater Morley
Malaga
East Perth Perth CATs
Mandurah Rockingham/Mandurah
Rockingham
Southern River Southern River

Patronage

[edit]
Perth bus patronage
FYPatronage±% p.a.
1900 800,000—    
1910 600,000−2.84%
1920 300,000−6.70%
1930 1,800,000+19.62%
1940 16,200,000+24.57%
1945 22,400,000+6.70%
1950 39,200,000+11.84%
1960 56,200,000+3.67%
1970 57,000,000+0.14%
1980 56,100,000−0.16%
1981 56,800,000+1.25%
1982 53,800,000−5.28%
1983 54,100,000+0.56%
1984 46,600,000−13.86%
1985 44,900,000−3.65%
1986 48,000,000+6.90%
1987 49,400,000+2.92%
1988 48,800,000−1.21%
1989 52,000,000+6.56%
1990 54,900,000+5.58%
1991 54,900,000+0.00%
1992 53,400,000−2.73%
1993 51,300,000−3.93%
1994 49,100,000−4.29%
1995 46,000,000−6.31%
1996 45,600,000−0.87%
1997 46,900,000+2.85%
FYPatronage±% p.a.
1998 46,700,000−0.43%
1999 46,300,000−0.86%
2000 48,600,000+4.97%
2001 52,000,000+7.00%
2002 54,500,000+4.81%
2003 56,300,000+3.30%
2004 58,998,082+4.79%
2005 61,873,225+4.87%
2006 63,891,362+3.26%
2007 64,622,615+1.14%
2008 65,693,955+1.66%
2009 73,550,181+11.96%
2010 74,756,477+1.64%
2011 76,636,351+2.51%
2012 80,626,481+5.21%
2013 83,543,424+3.62%
2014 83,714,090+0.20%
2015 84,142,590+0.51%
2016 82,390,945−2.08%
2017 80,016,728−2.88%
2018 78,541,440−1.84%
2019 79,266,899+0.92%
2020 66,256,895−16.41%
2021 58,700,701−11.40%
2022 58,890,882+0.32%
2023 69,381,824+17.81%
2024 82,273,790+18.58%
Source: Bureau of Infrastructure & Transport Research Economics[107] PTA[108]

With 82,273,790 boardings in the year to June 2024,[108] the Transperth bus system has the fourth highest patronage in Australia, after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.[107]

The most frequently-used routes are as follows:

Most frequently used bus routes from April 2016 to March 2017
Number Description Passenger boardings[64]
950 High frequency route from Morley bus station to QEII Medical Centre via Beaufort Street, Perth and UWA[35] 3,000,000–4,000,000
998 CircleRoute clockwise[64] 2,000,000–3,000,000
999 CircleRoute anticlockwise[64] 2,000,000–3,000,000
100 Cannington station to Canning Bridge station via Curtin University[109] 1,000,000–2,000,000
910 High frequency route from Fremantle station to Elizabeth Quay bus station via Canning Highway[35] 1,000,000–2,000,000
930 High frequency route from Thornlie station to Elizabeth Quay bus station via Shepperton Road and Albany Highway[35] 1,000,000–2,000,000
990 High frequency route from Scarborough Beach bus station to Perth Busport via Glendalough station[35] 1,000,000–2,000,000

References

[edit]
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  52. ^ "Routes 36, 37, 40, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 293, 295, 296, 298, 299, 551, 584, 587, 588, 589, 591, 592, 593, 594, 597, 598, 825 and 920 - Service Changes". 24 August 2016. Archived from the original on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
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  61. ^ "Official inauguration of 50km extension to popular Circleroute for buses". Media Statements. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  62. ^ "New cross-suburban Circle Route bus service gains popularity". Media Statements. 3 April 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  63. ^ "Government announces popular Circle Route to run seven days a week". Media Statements. 15 December 2000. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
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  71. ^ "Group to provide advice on the most appropriate fuel for Perth's buses". Media Statements. 28 April 1998. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  72. ^ "Official launch of first of Transperth's new state-of-the-art buses". Media Statements. 25 January 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  73. ^ "All buses to be run on low-sulphur diesel fuel in the future". Media Statements. 14 January 1999. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  74. ^ "Compressed Natural Gas bus trial will benefit the environment: Minister". Media Statements. 25 October 2000. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  75. ^ "WA to lead the nation with hydrogen fuel cell bus trials: Minister". Media Statements. 6 December 2000. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  76. ^ "New bus engines for Transperth given environmental seal of approval". Media Statements. 13 July 2001. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  77. ^ "State Government plans to boost the number of gas buses". Media Statements. 11 April 2001. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  78. ^ "Minister unveils next generation of clean, green buses". Media Statements. 1 February 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
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  80. ^ "Hydrogen fuel cell buses arrive in Perth as part of global trial". Media Statements. 18 August 2004. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
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Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • McCarrey, L. E. (chairman) (August 1993). Report of the Independent Commission to Review Public Sector Finances: Agenda for Reform (Report). Vol. 2. Government of Western Australia. pp. 151–162.
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