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Dapingian

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Dapingian
470.0 ± 1.4 – 467.3 ± 1.1 Ma
↓
Chronology
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unitAge
Stratigraphic unitStage
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionFAD of the Conodont Baltoniodus triangularis
Lower boundary GSSPHuanghuachang section, Huanghuachang, Yichang, China
30°51′38″N 110°22′26″E / 30.8605°N 110.3740°E / 30.8605; 110.3740
Lower GSSP ratified2007[5]
Upper boundary definitionFAD of the Graptolite Undulograptus austrodentatus
Upper boundary GSSPHuangnitang Section, Huangnitang Village, Changshan, Zhejiang, China
28°51′14″N 118°29′23″E / 28.8539°N 118.4897°E / 28.8539; 118.4897
Upper GSSP ratified1997[6]

The Dapingian is the third stage of the Ordovician system and the first stage of the Middle Ordovician series. It is preceded by the Floian and succeeded by the Darriwilian. The base of the Dapingian (and the top of the Floian) is defined as the first appearance of the conodont species Baltoniodus triangularis which happened about 470 million years ago. The Dapingian lasted for about 2.7 million years until about 467.3 million years ago.[7]

History

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The Ordovician was divided into three series and six global stages in 1995. Although at the time of 2005 GSSPs for the overlying Darriwilian and underlying "second stage" had already been ratified, definition of a GSSP for the first stage of the Middle Ordovician Series caused difficulties due to the deficiencies of the selected biohorizon and section.[8] The Dapingian was the last Ordovician stage to be ratified, and was initially referred to as an informal and unnamed "third stage" corresponding to the early part of the Middle Ordovician.[9] This third stage was meant to represent the appearance of several major index fossils. The conodont Baltoniodus triangularis, a species found in Baltica and China, defined the base of the regional Baltoscandian Volkhov stage. Another conodont, Tripodus laevis, defined the base of the Whiterockian stage in western North America. T. laevis was also roughly correlated with the appearance of the graptolite Isograptus v. lunatus.[10]

The Whiterock Narrows section in the Ninemile Formation of Nevada was the initial suggestion for the GSSP of the third stage, but a 2001 review of the site revealed that its local conodont fauna was misaligned with wider graptolite zonation. In its place, two formal GSSP candidates were proposed.[11] The Niquivil section of Argentina used another widespread species, Protoprioniodus (Cooperignathus) aranda, as a proxy for B. triangularis, T. laevis, and graptolites, which were absent from the section.[12] The Huanghuachang section of China hosted a more diverse fauna of index fossils, including Baltoniodus triangularis and biostratigraphically useful graptolites and chitinozoans.[10] The Huanghuachang section was approved as the GSSP for the third stage in 2006, and was ratified by the ICS in 2007.[11][9]

Naming

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The Dapingian is named after Daping, a village that lies near the Dapingian GSSP at Huanghuachang. The Chenjiahe section, an outcrop with similar rocks, can be found 5 km to the north of the Huanghuachang section.[11] The name of the Dapingian stage was introduced in June 2007 and approved alongside the stage's ratification, beating out earlier suggestions such as "Volkhovian" and "Huanghuachangian".[9]

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point

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Huanghuachang section is located in China
Huanghuachang section
Huanghuachang section
class=notpageimage|
Map of China showing the GSSP location.

The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Dapingian is the Huanghuachang section (30°51′38″N 110°22′26″E / 30.8605°N 110.3740°E / 30.8605; 110.3740), in Huanghuachang, Yichang, China. It is an outcrop of the Dawan Formation. The lower boundary is defined as the first appearance of the conodont species Baltoniodus triangularis in the type section. Radiometric dating has constrained the Floian-Dapingian boundary at 470 million years ago.[7] The exact boundary lies 10.57 m above the base of Dawan Formation.[10][11]

Regional stages

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The Dapingian overlaps with the upper part of the Arenig, a geologic stage used in England.[13][14] It is also equivalent to the lower part of the North American Whiterockian stage,[15] most of the Baltic/Russian Volkhov stage,[16][17] and the Castlemainian and Yapeenian stages which have been used in Australia.[13] In Baltoscandia, especially in the East Baltic, the global stage boundary corresponds to the bases of the Megistaspis polyphemus Trilobite Zone and probably Isograptus victoriae victoriae Graptolite Zone.[18]

Ocean and climate

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At the beginning of the Dapingian, there was a drop in sea level of 70–80 m, which is reflected in the rocks as a well-developed hardground surface in Baltoscandia. Changes in sea level during Dapingian age appear to be associated with short pulses of cooling, which have become a harbinger of much colder climate in the next Darriwilian age.[19] At the end of the Dapingian, continental ice was growing with small changes in volume caused by changes in the Earth's orbit.[20]

Major events

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The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) lasted in the Dapingian. Fan et al. (2020) define GOBE as a 20 Myr interval that began in the Tremadocian and ended in the late Dapingian, although other researchers have suggested different temporal limits.[21]

The extensive transgression associated with rapid tectonic subsidence, occurred at the end of the Dapingian in the Southern Urals.[22]

The Komstad Regressive Event roughly corresponds to the Dapingian.[23]

Paleontology

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Funeralaspis, the oldest named odontopleurine trilobite, was discovered in the Dapingian of the Antelope Valley Formation in Inyo County, California.[24]

Since the Dapingian, there has been a connection between the Afro-European part of Gondwana and Baltica, which is confirmed by the discovery of fossils of cornutan stylophorans Phyllocystis in these regions.[25] Planopora, the oldest сystoporate bryozoan to form erect, bifoliate colonies, is known from the Dapingian of the Baltic paleobasin, Leningrad Oblast, Russia.[26]

References

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  1. ^ Wellman, C.H.; Gray, J. (2000). "The microfossil record of early land plants". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 355 (1398): 717–732. doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0612. PMC 1692785. PMID 10905606.
  2. ^ Korochantseva, Ekaterina; Trieloff, Mario; Lorenz, Cyrill; Buykin, Alexey; Ivanova, Marina; Schwarz, Winfried; Hopp, Jens; Jessberger, Elmar (2007). "L-chondrite asteroid breakup tied to Ordovician meteorite shower by multiple isochron 40 Ar- 39 Ar dating". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 42 (1): 113–130. Bibcode:2007M&PS...42..113K. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb00221.x.
  3. ^ Lindskog, A.; Costa, M. M.; Rasmussen, C.M.Ø.; Connelly, J. N.; Eriksson, M. E. (2017-01-24). "Refined Ordovician timescale reveals no link between asteroid breakup and biodiversification". Nature Communications. 8: 14066. doi:10.1038/ncomms14066. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5286199. PMID 28117834. It has been suggested that the Middle Ordovician meteorite bombardment played a crucial role in the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, but this study shows that the two phenomena were unrelated
  4. ^ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
  5. ^ Chen, Xu; Bergström, Stig; Zhang, Yuan-Dong; Fan, Jun-Xuan (2009). "The base of the Middle Ordovician in China with special reference to the succession at Hengtang near Jiangshan, Zhejiang Province, southern China" (PDF). Lethaia. 42 (2): 218–231. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00148.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-06-04. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  6. ^ Mitchell, C.; Xu, Chen; Yuan-dong, Zhang; ZhI-hao, Wang; Webby, B.; Finney, S. (September 1997). "Definition of a global boundary stratotype for the Darriwilian Stage of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (3): 158–166. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i3/003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-06-27. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  7. ^ a b "GSSP Table - Paleozoic Era". Geologic TimeScale Foundation. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  8. ^ Finney, S. (2005). "Global Series and Stages for the Ordovician System: A Progress Report". Geologica Acta. 3 (4): 309–316. doi:10.1344/104.000001381.
  9. ^ a b c Wang, Xiaofeng; Stouge, Svend; Chen, Xiaohong; Li, Zhihong; Wang, Chuanshang (2009). "Dapingian Stage: standard name for the lowermost global stage of the Middle Ordovician Series". Lethaia. 42 (3): 377–380. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00169.x.
  10. ^ a b c Wang, Xiaofeng; Stouge, Svend; Erdtmann, Bernd-D.; Chen, Xiaohong; Li, Zhihong; Wang, Chuanshang; Zeng, Qingluan; Zhou, Zhiqiang; Chen, Huiming (2005). "A proposed GSSP for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series: the Huanghuachang section, Yichang, China" (PDF). Episodes. 28 (2): 105–117. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i2/004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-06-15. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  11. ^ a b c d Wang, Xiaofeng; Stouge, Svend; Xiaohong, Chen; Zhihong, Li; Chuanshang, Wang; Finney, Stan C.; Qingluan, Zeng; Zhiqiang, Zhou; Huiming, Chen; Erdtmann, Bernd-D. (2009). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series and the Third Stage (Dapingian)" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (2): 96–113. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i2/003. S2CID 43893965. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-03-01. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  12. ^ Albanesi, Guillermo L.; Carrera, Marcelo G.; Cañas, Fernando L.; Saltzman, Matthew (2006-03-01). "A proposed Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series: The Niquivil section, Precordillera of San Juan, Argentina". Episodes. 29 (1): 1–15. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i1/001. ISSN 0705-3797. S2CID 128233348.
  13. ^ a b Stig M. Bergström; Xu Chen; Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Marco; Andrei Dronov (2009). "The new chronostratigraphic classification of the Ordovician System and its relations to major regional series and stages and to δ13C chemostratigraphy". Lethaia. 42 (1): 97–107. Bibcode:2009Letha..42...97B. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00136.x.
  14. ^ Gradstein, F. M., ed. (2012). The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Elsevier Science Ltd. p. 504. ISBN 978-0444594259.
  15. ^ "Kentucky Stratigraphy With Stage Correlations". University of Kentucky. Archived from the original on 2024-04-16.
  16. ^ Hansen, T. (2010-02-16). "Cyrtometopinid trilobites from the upper Volkhov and lower Lynna Formation (lower Darriwilian) of NW Russia" (PDF). Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark. 58: 1-13. doi:10.37570/bgsd-2010-58-01. ISSN 0011-6297. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-06-20.
  17. ^ Sergey Rozhnov (2017). "Cyanobacterial origin and morphology of the volkhov hardgrounds (Dapingian, middle ordovician) of the St. Petersburg region (Russia)". Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana. 56 (2): 153—160. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2017.18.
  18. ^ Stig M. Bergström; Anita M. Lofgren (December 2008). "The base of the global Dapingian Stage (Ordovician) in Baltoscandia: Conodonts, graptolites and unconformities". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 99 (3–4): 189-212. doi:10.1017/S1755691009008081.
  19. ^ Rasmussen, J. A.; Thibault, N.; Mac Ørum Rasmussen, C. (November 5, 2021). "Middle Ordovician astrochronology decouples asteroid breakup from glacially-induced biotic radiations". Nature. 12 (6430). doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26396-4. PMC 8571325.
  20. ^ Oluwaseun Edward; Christoph Korte; Clemens V. Ullmann; Jorge Colmenar; Nicolas Thibault; Gabriella Bagnoli; Svend Stouge; Christian M. Ø. Rasmussen (February 22, 2022). "A Baltic Perspective on the Early to Early Late Ordovician δ13C and δ18O Records and Its Paleoenvironmental Significance". Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. 37 (3): 1–26. doi:10.1029/2021PA004309.
  21. ^ L. Robin M. Cocks; Trond H. Torsvik (December 2021). "Ordovician palaeogeography and climate change". Gondwana Research. 100: 53—72. Bibcode:2021GondR.100...53C. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.09.008. hdl:10852/83447.
  22. ^ T. M. Mavrinskaya; R. R. Yakupov (2014). "Biofacial analysis of Ordovician basin on western slope of the South Urals" (PDF). Геологический сборник (in Russian). 11: 45. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-06-29. Retrieved 2024-07-01.
  23. ^ N. V. Sennikov; O. T. Obut; E. V. Lykova; A. V. Timokhin; R. A. Khabibulina; T. A. Shcherbanenko (2021). "Event Stratigraphy and Correlation Problems of the Ordovician strata of Gorny Altai and Salair". Geodynamics & Tectonophysics (in Russian). 12 (2): 252. doi:10.5800/GT-2021-12-2-0523.
  24. ^ Adrain, J. M.; Pérez-Peris, F. (2023). "Funeralaspis n. gen.: a new odontopleurine trilobite from the early Middle Ordovician (Dapingian) of Death Valley, eastern California, USA, and the classification of Ordovician odontopleurines". Zootaxa. 5336 (4): 509–529. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5336.4.3. PMID 38221079.
  25. ^ S. V. Rozhnov; G. A. Anekeeva (April 2024). "First Specimens of the Cornutan Stylophoran Phyllocystis (Echinodermata) in the Ordovician (Volkhov Regional Stage, Dapingian and Darriwilian) of Baltica and Special Aspects of Stylophoran Axial Symmetry". Paleontological Journal. 58 (2): 181—195. doi:10.1134/S0031030123600300.
  26. ^ Anna V. Koromyslova; Petr V. Fedorov (January 2021). "The oldest bifoliate cystoporate and two other bryozoan taxa from the Dapingian (Middle Ordovician) of north-western Russia". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (1): 24—39. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.73.
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