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Apostolado paintings in El Greco Museum, Toledo

An apostolado (from Spanish; lit. 'apostolate'), or apostles series,[1] is a series of individual portrait paintings of the apostles of Jesus Christ, sometimes including other figures, such as Jesus, Luke, Mary, and/or Paul.[2][3][4][5] The first potential example of an apostolado stems from a pair of portraits of the apostles James the Elder and Philip by Albrecht Dürer in 1516, which he may have intended as a full series of twelve.[6][7] In Spain, apostolados are a prevalent genre of art of the apostles,[8] being popularized by Greco-Spanish painter El Greco[9] and leading to other renowned artists of the genre such as Francisco de Zurbarán,[10] Peter Paul Rubens,[11] and Anthony van Dyck.[12] Images of saints, and therefore the apostles, became popular in Catholic Europe during the Renaissance as a result of the Counter-Reformation, which in turn derived from a heavy emphasis of the Catholic doctrine of intercession of saints and opposition to Protestant iconoclasm.[13][14]

Apostolados

[edit]

Although the concept of the apostles in the context of Christianity generally refers to the first twelve apostles of Jesus Christ as enumerated in the Gospels[15][16] (Judas Iscariot being replaced by Matthias due to his treachery),[17] some apostolados contain portraits of other important figures in Christianity, such as Jesus, Paul, Mary, and/or Luke.[2][3][4][5]

— Unknown availability
Series title Artist Notes Andrew the First-Called Bartholomew the Apostle James the Elder James the Younger John the Beloved Jude the Apostle Matthew the Evangelist Matthias the Apostle Peter the Rock Philip the Apostle Simon the Zealot Thomas the Twin Jesus the Nazarene Paul the Apostle Luke the Evangelist Reference(s)
Dürer's Apostle series Albrecht Dürer [a] — —
— — — — — —
— — — — — [6][7]
Apostolado de San Feliz [es] El Greco
—
—
—
[18]
Apostolado de Almadrones [es] El Greco and his workshop [b]
—
— — —
— — —
[20][21]
Apostolate of the Museo del Greco [es][22] El Greco and his workshop
—
— [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]
Apostolado Lerma [pl][36] Peter Paul Rubens [c]
—
—
— [37]
Böhler series[38] Anthony van Dyck [d]
—
— [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][39][48][49]
Apostolado del Prado [es] Jusepe de Ribera
—
— —
— [50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59]
The Twelve Apostles [pt] Francisco de Zurbarán
—
—
—
— [60]
Rembrandt's apostles and evangelists[61] Rembrandt [e] —
— — —
— — —
gr
gr
 —
— [63][64][65][66][67]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Dürer's two paintings were "perhaps the first separate, single paintings intended to be 'portraits' of the apostles." In addition, two other unknown apostles' portraits are mentioned.[6]
  2. ^ Only eight paintings were made by El Greco and his workshop in the parish church of Almadrones, Guadalajara Province. At first it was believed that a ninth portrait, that of John, was also a part of the series, however this was later proven false.[19]
  3. ^ The series was painted by Rubens around 1612 for a commission by Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas, 1st Duke of Lerma. The series originally included Jesus and Paul, but not Matthias. The painting of Jesus has since been lost.[37]
  4. ^ The series receives its name from Julius Böhler, a German art dealer who acquired the series around 1914. Originally composed of 13 pieces, they were later scattered after the subsequent sales of Böhler.[38][39]
  5. ^ According to art historian Otto Benesch, Rembrandt created an unfinished and loosely-conceived series of the apostles, evangelists, Mary, and Jesus during 1661, of which seven were identified.[61] However, F. Grossman of The Burlington Magazine wrote that it was "rather doubtful whether these paintings were conceived as a complete set".[62]

References

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  1. ^ Scholz-Hänsel, Michael; Greco (2004). El Greco: Domenikos Theotokopoulos, 1541-1614. Taschen. p. 68. ISBN 978-3-8228-3171-7.
  2. ^ a b Pérez, Frank (2016-03-03). "Mission San Juan Bautista's Apostolado: A Historically Significant Artwork". BenitoLink. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
  3. ^ a b "A Saint Bartholomew for Velazquez's Apostolado | Gazette Drouot". gazette-drouot.com. 2023-01-05. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
  4. ^ a b Ponce, Museo de Arte de (2012). Del Greco a Goya: obras maestras del Museo del Prado (in Spanish). Museo de Arte de Ponce. p. 114.
  5. ^ a b Hardwick, Michael R. (2015-05-11). La Purisíma Concepción: The Enduring History of a California Mission. Arcadia Publishing. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-62585-523-7.
  6. ^ a b c Urbach, Susan (1983). "Preliminary Remarks on the Sources of the Apostle Series of Rubens and van Dyck". RACAR: Revue d'art canadienne / Canadian Art Review. 10 (1): 5–22. doi:10.7202/1074636ar. ISSN 0315-9906.
  7. ^ a b Bailey, Martin (1995). Dürer. Internet Archive. London: Phaidon Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7148-3334-7.
  8. ^ Banner, LisaA (2017-07-05). "The Religious Patronage of the Duke of Lerma, 1598?621 ". Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-351-54109-1.
  9. ^ Long, Rebecca J. (2020-03-17). El Greco: Ambition and Defiance. Yale University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-300-25082-4.
  10. ^ Baticle, Jeannine; Zurbarán, Francisco de; Bottineau, Yves (1987). Zurbarán: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Sept. 22 - Dec. 13, 1987; Galeries Nationales Du Grand Palais, Paris, Jan. 14 - April 11, 1988. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-87099-502-6.
  11. ^ Szpila, Kathleen H. (1991). Ruben's Apostolado Lerma: continuity and innovation in a northern tradition.
  12. ^ Lammertse, Friso (2002). "Van Dyck's Apostles Series, Hendrick Uylenburgh and Sigismund III". The Burlington Magazine. 144 (1188): 140–146. ISSN 0007-6287. JSTOR 889357.
  13. ^ Artist, Anonymous; Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, Saint Peter, retrieved 2024-05-19
  14. ^ "Catholic Counter-Reformation Art". www.visual-arts-cork.com. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  15. ^ "Apostle | Definition, Bible, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-04-15. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  16. ^ Marina, Marko (2023-11-28). "The 12 Apostles: Listing the Names of the Apostles of Jesus". Bart D. Ehrman - New Testament Scholar, Speaker, and Consultant. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  17. ^ Zirpolo, Lilian H. (2016-08-19). Historical Dictionary of Renaissance Art. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-4422-6467-0.
  18. ^ Wethey, Harold Edwin (1962). El Greco and His School. Princeton, N.J. pp. 210–211.
  19. ^ Greco; Pérez Sánchez, Alfonso E. (2002). El Greco: apostolados. Fundación "Pedro Barrié de la Maza, Conde de Fenosa". A Coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza, Conde de Fenosa. p. 115. ISBN 978-84-95892-00-3.
  20. ^ Gudiol, José (1982). Doménikos Theotokópoulos : El Greco, 1541-1614. Internet Archive. Barcelona: Ediciones Polígrafa. p. 360. ISBN 978-84-343-0031-6.
  21. ^ "The Apostle St. Andrew | LACMA Collections". collections.lacma.org. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
  22. ^ "El Greco: 400 Years After: The Apostolate of the Museo del Greco in Toledo: One of El Greco's Greatest Series, Part 5". www.nga.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  23. ^ "Simón". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  24. ^ "Tomás". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  25. ^ "Pablo". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  26. ^ "Felipe". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  27. ^ "Santiago Menor". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  28. ^ "Pedro". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  29. ^ "Salvador". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  30. ^ "Judas". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  31. ^ "Juan". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  32. ^ "Santiago Mayor". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  33. ^ "Mateo". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  34. ^ "Andrés". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  35. ^ "Bartolomé". Museo del Greco. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte de España. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
  36. ^ "De Heilige Andréas". scholar.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
  37. ^ a b Klip, Ronald. "Rubens' Apostles Series | ArtBible art topics". www.artbible.info. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  38. ^ a b "Anthony van Dyck". Rubenshuis.be. Archived from the original on 2022-01-17. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  39. ^ a b Du Bourg, Alexis; Besta, Rafaella (2024-05-19). "Reflections on the history of Van Dyck's "Böhler Apostles"" (PDF). Jordaens van Dyck Journal (2): 84–89.
  40. ^ "» Paul". Jordaens Van Dyck Panel Paintings Project. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  41. ^ "» Panels, Palazzos and Discoveries in Italy". Jordaens Van Dyck Panel Paintings Project. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  42. ^ "De apostel Mattheüs | Erfgoed KBS". www.erfgoed-kbs.be. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  43. ^ "Apostle Simon, 1619/21". www.khm.at. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  44. ^ "Apostle Philippus, 1619/21". www.khm.at. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  45. ^ "Jude (Judas Thaddeus)". JVDPPP. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  46. ^ "» Andrew". Jordaens Van Dyck Panel Paintings Project. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  47. ^ "» John the Evangelist". Jordaens Van Dyck Panel Paintings Project. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
  48. ^ Alan McNairn (1980). The Young van Dyck. Internet Archive. National Gallery of Canada; National Muséums of Canada.
  49. ^ "Saint Matthias | Yale University Art Gallery". artgallery.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  50. ^ "San Felipe". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  51. ^ "San Pedro". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  52. ^ "San Pablo". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  53. ^ "San Andrés". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  54. ^ "Santiago el Mayor". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  55. ^ "El Salvador". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  56. ^ "Santiago el Menor". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  57. ^ "San Bartolome". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  58. ^ "San Judas Tadeo". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  59. ^ "San Simón". Museo del Prado. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  60. ^ Delenda, Odile (2009). Francisco de Zurbarán, 1598-1664: catálogo razonado y crítico (in Spanish). Fundación Arte Hispánico. pp. 231–255. ISBN 978-84-937260-1-0.
  61. ^ a b Wheelock, Arthur K. (2005). Rembrandt's late religious portraits. Internet Archive. Washington, [D.C.]: National Gallery of Art in association with the University of Chicago Press. pp. 16–37. ISBN 978-0-226-89443-0.
  62. ^ Grossmann, F. (1950). "The Rembrandt Exhibition at Schaffhausen". The Burlington Magazine. 92 (562): 8–12. ISSN 0007-6287. JSTOR 870400.
  63. ^ Meijer, William L. "ArtWay.eu". artway.eu. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  64. ^ "Impact: Rembrandt". thirdmill.org. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  65. ^ "Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn: De apostel Jacobus de Oudere". www.statenvertaling.net (in Dutch). Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  66. ^ "Bijna 20 miljoen euro voor laat werk van Rembrandt". Trouw (in Dutch). 2007-01-25. Retrieved 2024-05-20.
  67. ^ Schwartz, Gary (1988-09-01). "Connoisseurship: the penalty of ahistoricism". International Journal of Museum Management and Curatorship. 7 (3): 261–268. doi:10.1016/0260-4779(88)90032-5. ISSN 0260-4779. Valentiner considered it [the painting of Christ] the 'center figure' of a supposed series of four three-quarter-length evangelists, including the Louvre St. Matthew.
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