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Peter Hegemann

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Peter Hegemann
Hegemann receiving the Hertie Senior Research Chair Professorship for Neurosciences in 2015
Born(1954-12-11)11 December 1954[2]
Münster
Germany[2]
Alma materMax Planck Institute of Biochemistry
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
University of Münster
Known forDiscovery of channelrhodopsin
Children3
AwardsLouisa Gross Horwitz Prize
Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine
Warren Alpert Foundation Prize
Rumford Prize
Canada Gairdner International Award
Otto Warburg Medal
Harvey Prize
Massry Prize
The Brain Prize
Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize
Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences
Scientific career
FieldsBiophysics
Optogenetics
InstitutionsHumboldt University of Berlin
University of Regensburg
Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry
Syracuse University
ThesisHalorhodopsin, die lichtgetriebene Chloridpumpe in Halobacterium halobium: Untersuchungen zur Struktur und Funktion (1984)
Doctoral advisorDieter Oesterhelt[1]
Scholia has a profile for Peter Hegemann (Q2075526).

Peter Hegemann (born 11 December 1954) is a Hertie Senior Research Chair for Neurosciences and a professor of Experimental Biophysics at the Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany.[3][4] He is known for his discovery of channelrhodopsin, a type of ion channels regulated by light, thereby serving as a light sensor. This created the field of optogenetics, a technique that controls the activities of specific neurons by applying light. He has received numerous accolades, including the Rumford Prize, the Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine, and the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research.

Early life and education

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Hegemann was born in Münster in 1954, but grew up in Aachen.[5] Many in his immediate and extended family are doctors, including his parents, brother, and both grandfathers. He was educated in a humanities-oriented gymnasium (humanistisches Gymnasium) for secondary school, which he disliked for his lack of interest in classical studies.[5] He liked science subjects and was at first interested in discovery of new territories and then in the outer space. Eventually, he went to the University of Münster in 1975 to study chemistry, transferring to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich two years later to switch to biochemistry.[5]

After graduating in 1980, Hegemann pursued his PhD at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in the research group of Dieter Oesterhelt,[5] who has just become the Director of the institute.[6] He completed it in 1984.[7]

Career

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Having won a fellowship for his PhD thesis, Hegemann went to Syracuse University in 1985 as a postdoctoral fellow in Kenneth W. Foster's lab for a year. After returning to Germany, he was offered a five-year position as a principal investigator at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry.[8]

In 1993, Hegemann joined the Department of Biochemistry of the University of Regensburg as a professor. He moved to the Humboldt University of Berlin in 2004 and became a professor of Experimental Biophysics.[7] In 2015, he was endowed with a Hertie Senior Research Chair for Neurosciences.[9]

Research

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Hegemann's research into light-gated ion transport began in his PhD years, when he investigated the structure and function of halorhodopsin, an active ion transporter found in a type of archaea called haloarchaea that uses light energy to move chloride ions against the gradient.[10][11] As part of his PhD project, he characterized this protein in Halobacterium salinarum, discovering that yellow light activates halorhodopsin.[12][13] When halorhodopsin is expressed in neurons and activated by light, the influx of chloride ions shifts the neuron to more negative electric potential, preventing action potential generation and inactivating the neurons.[14]

A 1984 article by Kenneth W. Foster of Syracuse University suggested that rhodopsins would also serve as light detector in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.[15] This also prompted Hegemann to spend a year with Foster as a postdoctoral fellow.[16] Hegemann continued characterizing this rhodopsin after returning to Germany. Working on another green alga, he found that it had a fast electrical response (by ion movement through ion channel) to light stimulation, and proposed that the ion channel and the light-detecting rhodopsin were one single protein complex.[17][18][19]

In 2002, collaborating with Georg Nagel and Ernst Bamberg, Hegemann made the landmark identification of the gene for this rhodopsin and named it Channelrhodopsin-1.[20] The team identified the second channelrhodopsin gene, Channelrhodopsin-2, the next year.[21] In both studies, they cloned the genes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and expressed them in the oocytes of African clawed frog. Upon blue light stimulation, electrical currents was detected in the oocytes.[22] When channelrhodopsins are expressed in neurons and stimulated, the ion channel opens so positively charged calcium and sodium ions can enter the neurons, creating a more positive electric potential inside the neurons and activating them. This is the opposite effect of halorhodopsin activation.[23]

The field of optogenetics took off from these discoveries. In 2005, Hegemann reported expressing channelrhodopsin in chicken embryos, their movement can be controlled with light stimulation.[24] This came in the same year as another study by a collaboration between Karl Deisseroth, Edward Boyden, Feng Zhang, Georg Nagel and Ernst Bamberg, which found light could lead to action potential in cultured neurons expressing channelrhodopsin.[25] Teaming up with Deisseroth, Hegemann continued advancing optogenetics by developing rhodopsin variants that could react faster and more accurately,[26] detect different wavelengths of light [27] and conduct different ions.[28][29]

Using optogenetic techniques, Hegemann and collaborators have confirmed that the unbalanced activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons causes behavioral deficits of mental disorders.[30]

Honours and awards

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References

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  1. ^ "Peter Hegemann". SPP1926. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "Peter Hegemann". Lundbeck Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Prof. Peter Hegemann". Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  4. ^ "Prof. Dr. Peter Hegemann". UniSysCat. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d "Autobiography of Peter Hegemann". Shaw Prize Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  6. ^ "Dieter Oesterhelt (1940–2022)" (Press release). Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry. 5 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  7. ^ a b "Peter Hegemann" (PDF). NeuroCure. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  8. ^ "A curious color change". Cell. 184 (21): 5286–5288. 2021. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.011. PMID 34562366. S2CID 237622462.
  9. ^ "Overview of All Award Winners". Hertie Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  10. ^ Kolbe, Michael; Besir, Hüseyin; Essen, Lars-Oliver; Oesterhelt, Dieter (2000). "Structure of the Light-Driven Chloride Pump Halorhodopsin at 1.8 Å Resolution". Science. 288 (5470): 1390–1396. Bibcode:2000Sci...288.1390K. doi:10.1126/science.288.5470.1390. PMID 10827943. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  11. ^ "Halorhodopsin". Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  12. ^ Bamberg, E.; Hegemann, P.; Oesterhelt, D. (1984). "The chromoprotein of halorhodopsin is the light-driven electrogenic chloride pump in Halobacterium halobium". Biochemistry. 23 (24): 6216–6221. doi:10.1021/bi00320a050. PMID 24409552. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  13. ^ Hegemann, P.; Oesterhelt, D.; Steiner, M. (1985). "The photocycle of the chloride pump halorhodopsin. I: Azidecatalyzed deprotonation of the chromophore is a side reaction of photocycle intermediates inactivating the pump". The EMBO Journal. 4 (9): 2347–2350. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03937.x. PMC 554508. PMID 15938053.
  14. ^ "Light switches for nerve cells". Max Planck Society. 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
  15. ^ Foster, Kenneth W.; Saranak, Jureepan; Patel, Nayana; Zarilli, Gerald; Okabe, Masami; Kline, Toni; Nakanishi, Koji (1984). "A rhodopsin is the functional photoreceptor for phototaxis in the unicellular eukaryote Chlamydomonas". Nature. 311 (5988): 756–759. Bibcode:1984Natur.311..756F. doi:10.1038/311756a0. PMID 649333. S2CID 4263301. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  16. ^ Neuman, Nicole (2021). "Unexpected pairings". Cell. 184 (21): 5289–5292. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.009. PMID 34562361.
  17. ^ Braun, Franz-Josef; Hegemann, Peter (1999). "Two Light-Activated Conductances in the Eye of the Green Alga Volvox carteri". Biophysical Journal. 76 (3): 1668–1678. Bibcode:1999BpJ....76.1668B. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77326-1. PMC 1300143. PMID 10049347.
  18. ^ Conti, Lisa R. (2021). "Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, and Dieter Oesterhelt receive the 2021 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 131 (19): e154418. doi:10.1172/JCI154418. PMC 8483750. PMID 34558419.
  19. ^ Hegemann, Peter; Nagel, Georg (2013). "From channelrhodopsins to optogenetics". EMBO Molecular Medicine. 5 (2): 173–176. doi:10.1002/emmm.201202387. PMC 3569634. PMID 23339069.
  20. ^ Nagel, Georg; Ollig, Doris; Fuhrmann, Markus; Kateriya, Suneel; Musti, Anna Maria; Bamberg, Ernst; Hegemann, Peter (2002). "Channelrhodopsin-1: A Light-Gated Proton Channel in Green Algae". Science. 296 (5577): 2395–2398. Bibcode:2002Sci...296.2395N. doi:10.1126/science.1072068. PMID 12089443. S2CID 206506942. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  21. ^ Nagel, Georg; Szellas, Tanjef; Huhn, Wolfram; Kateriya, Suneel; Adeishvili, Nona; Berthold, Peter; Ollig, Doris; Hegemann, Peter; Bamberg, Ernst (2003). "Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (24): 13940–13945. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10013940N. doi:10.1073/pnas.1936192100. PMC 283525. PMID 14615590.
  22. ^ Friedman, Jeffery M. (2021). "How the discovery of microbial opsins led to the development of optogenetics". Cell. 184 (21): 5266–5270. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.022. PMID 34562360. S2CID 237622465.
  23. ^ Häusser, Michael (2021). "Optogenetics – The Might of Light" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 385 (17): 1623–1626. doi:10.1056/NEJMcibr2111915. PMID 3456973. S2CID 237941581. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  24. ^ Li, Xiang; Gutierrez, Davina V.; Hanson, M. Gartz; Han, Jing; Mark, Melanie D.; Chiel, Hillel; Hegemann, Peter; Landmesser, Lynn T.; Herlitze, Stefan (2005). "Fast noninvasive activation and inhibition of neural and network activity by vertebrate rhodopsin and green algae channelrhodopsin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (49): 17816–17821. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10217816L. doi:10.1073/pnas.0509030102. PMC 1292990. PMID 16306259.
  25. ^ Boyden, Edward S.; Zhang, Feng; Bamberg, Ernst; Nagel, Georg; Deisseroth, Karl (2005). "Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity". Nature Neuroscience. 8 (9): 1263–1268. doi:10.1038/nn1525. PMID 16116447. S2CID 6809511. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  26. ^ Gunaydin, Lisa A.; Yizhar, Ofer; Berndt, André; Sohal, Vikaas S.; Deisseroth, Karl; Hegemann, Peter (2010). "Ultrafast optogenetic control" (PDF). Nature Neuroscience. 13 (3): 387–392. doi:10.1038/nn.2495. PMID 20081849. S2CID 7457755. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  27. ^ Zhang, Feng; Prigge, Matthias; Beyrière, Florent; Tsunoda, Satoshi P.; Mattis, Joanna; Yizhar, Ofer; Hegemann, Peter; Deisseroth, Karl (2008). "Red-shifted optogenetic excitation: a tool for fast neural control derived from Volvox carteri". Nature Neuroscience. 11 (6): 631–633. doi:10.1038/nn.2120. PMC 2692303. PMID 18432196.
  28. ^ Wietek, Jonas; Wiegert, J. Simon; Adeishvili, Nona; Schneider, Franziska; Watanabe, Hiroshi; Tsunoda, Satoshi P.; Vogt, Arend; Elstner, Marcus; Oertner, Thomas G.; Hegemann, Peter (25 April 2014). "Conversion of Channelrhodopsin into a Light-Gated Chloride Channel". Science. 344 (6182): 409–412. Bibcode:2014Sci...344..409W. doi:10.1126/science.1249375. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24674867.
  29. ^ Fernandez Lahore, Rodrigo G.; Pampaloni, Niccolò P.; Schiewer, Enrico; Heim, M.-Marcel; Tillert, Linda; Vierock, Johannes; Oppermann, Johannes; Walther, Jakob; Schmitz, Dietmar; Owald, David; Plested, Andrew J. R.; Rost, Benjamin R.; Hegemann, Peter (21 December 2022). "Calcium-permeable channelrhodopsins for the photocontrol of calcium signalling". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 7844. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13.7844F. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35373-4. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 9772239. PMID 36543773.
  30. ^ Yizhar, Ofer; Fenno, Lief E.; Prigge, Matthias; Schneider, Franziska; Davidson, Thomas J.; O’Shea, Daniel J.; Sohal, Vikaas S.; Goshen, Inbal; Finkelstein, Joel; Paz, Jeanne T.; Stehfest, Katja; Fudim, Roman; Ramakrishnan, Charu; Huguenard, John R.; Hegemann, Peter; Deisseroth, Karl (2011). "Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction". Nature. 477 (7363): 171–178. Bibcode:2011Natur.477..171Y. doi:10.1038/nature10360. PMC 4155501. PMID 21796121.
  31. ^ "Ninth Annual Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences Awarded to Dr. Peter Hegemann, Dr. Georg Nagel, and Dr. Ernst Bamberg" (Press release). Wiley Foundation. 1 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
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  35. ^ Reiner, Andreas; Isacoff, Ehud Y. (2013). "The Brain Prize 2013: the optogenetics revolution". Trends in Neurosciences. 36 (10): 557–560. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2013.08.005. PMID 24054067. S2CID 205404606. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
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  39. ^ "HU-Wissenschaftler in die Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften aufgenommen" (Press release) (in German). Humboldt University of Berlin. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
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  49. ^ "Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Gero Miesenböck Awarded Horwitz Prize for Foundational Work on Optogenetics". Columbia University Irving Medical Center. 7 September 2022. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  50. ^ "Peter Hegemann". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
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