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Tanjungpura Kingdom

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Tanjungpura Kingdom
Kerajaan Tanjungpura
Flag of Tanjungpura Kingdom
Flag used during the Matan Kingdom Era
StatusPart of the Dutch East Indies (from 1779)
CapitalTanjungpura
Negeri Baru (1487)
Sukadana (1590)
Sungai Matan
Indra Laya
Kartapura
Tanjungpura (resettle)
Muliakarta
Religion
Hindu-Buddhism (first era), Animism, Sunni Islam (last era)
GovernmentAbsolute Monarchy
History 
• Established
8th Century
• Integration with Indonesia
17 August 1950
 Succeeded by
Indonesia
Today part ofIndonesia

Tanjungpura Kingdom or Tanjompura[1] was the name of an ancient 8th century kingdom that was located along the southwestern coast of Borneo facing the Java Sea, a region that today corresponds to the Ketapang Regency of West Kalimantan province of Indonesia. The kingdom experienced several moves of the royal capital, first located in Negeri Baru (current village name) Ketapang Regency, then moved to Sukadana (currently the capital of North Kayong Regency), since Panembahan Sorgi (Giri Kesuma) embraced Islam.

The Kingdom of Tanjungpura is proof that the civilisation of Tanah Kayong was quite advanced in the past. Tanjungpura was once a province of the Singasari Kingdom as Bakulapura. The name "bakula" comes from Sanskrit which means a tanjung plant (Mimusops elengi), so that after being elongated it became Tanjungpura. Some of the descendants of this kingdom are scattered in several regions due to marriage, etc. There are those who live in Mempawah, Pontianak and several other cities. There are some descendants of this kingdom who released their titles and did not use their royal titles.

Territory

[edit]
Map of maritime Southeast Asia in the 14th century

Tanjungpura's territory stretched from Tanjung Dato to Tanjung Sambar. The island of ancient Borneo was divided into three major kingdoms: Brunei, Sukadana (Tanjungpura) and Banjarmasin. However, recent studies suggest that Poli (or Poni) refers to a Santubong kingdom at the mouth of the Sarawak River, which was once called Punik estuary.[2][3][4] Tanjung Dato is the border between the Borneo (Brunei) mandala and the Sukadana (Tanjungpura) mandala, while Tanjung Sambar is the border between the Sukadana/Tanjungpura mandala and the Banjarmasin mandala (Kotawaringin area).[5][6] The watershed of the Jelai-Bila River in Kotawaringin is under the control of Banjarmasin, while the Kendawangan River is under the control of Sukadana Kingdom.[7] Inland borders, the headwaters of the Pinoh (Lawai) river basin were included in the territory of the Kotawaringin Sultanate (subordinate to Banjarmasin).[8]

During the time of Mahapatih Gajah Mada and Hayam Wuruk as mentioned in Kakawin Nagarakretagama, the Negeri Tanjungpura became the capital of the areas claimed as Majapahit conquests in Tanjungnagara Nusa (Kalimantan). Majapahit claimed the former conquered areas of Srivijaya on the island of Borneo and its surroundings. The name Tanjungpura was often used to refer to the island of Borneo at that time. Other opinions assume that Tanjungpura was in South Kalimantan as a more strategic base to control a wider area. According to the Pararaton, Bhre Tanjungpura was the son of Bhre Tumapel II (Suhita's brother). Bhre Tanjungpura was named Manggalawardhani Dyah Suragharini who ruled 1429-1464, she was the daughter-in-law of Bhre Tumapel III Kertawijaya. Later, the Trailokyapuri inscription mentions Manggalawardhani Dyah Suragharini as Bhre Daha VI (1464-1474). In the mandala (circle) of Majapahit, Ratu Majapahit is the prasada, while Mahapatih Gajahmada is the pranala (link), while Madura and Tanjungpura are the ansa (handle or shade).

Movements of the royal capital

[edit]
Royal Palace (Keraton) of Tanjungpura

The capital city of Tanjungpura Kingdom moved several times from one place to another. Some of the reasons why Tanjungpura Kingdom moved its capital were mainly due to attacks from pirate gangs, known as Lanon (lanun). It is said that at that time, Lanon's actions were very cruel and disturbed the population. Starting from the end of the 15th century,[9] the Tanjungpura Kingdom often changed the centre of government to defend itself because it was often attacked by other kingdoms. The frequent movement of the capital of the Tanjungpura Kingdom is evidenced by the historical sites found in the former capitals of the kingdom.[10] Negeri Baru in Ketapang is one of the places that was once the centre of the Tanjungpura Kingdom. From Negeri Baru, the capital of the Tanjungpura Kingdom moved to Sukadana. During the reign of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin (1665-1724), the centre of the palace shifted again, this time placed in the Sungai Matan area.[11] This is where the history of the Matan Kingdom began. A Dutch writer referred to the area as the Matan Kingdom, although the actual name of the kingdom at that time was still the Tanjungpura Kingdom.[12] The centre of government moved again in 1637 to the Indra Laya region. Creating the Indra Laya Kingdom.[13] Indra Laya is the name of a place on the banks of the Puye River, a tributary of the Pawan River. The Tanjungpura Kingdom moved again to Kartapura, then to Tanjungpura Village, and finally moved again to Muliakerta where the Muhammad Saunan Palace now stands.[9][10]

Sukadana Kingdom relocation theory

[edit]

According to the notes of Gusti Iswadi, S.sos in the book Pesona Tanah Kayong, Tanjungpura Kingdom in historical perspective mentioned, that, from the new country of Tanjungpura kingdom moved to Sukadana so called Sukadana Kingdom, then moved again to Sungai Matan (now Kecamatan Simpang Hilir). And during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin, around 1637,[14] moved again to Indra Laya so it was called the Indralaya Kingdom. Indra Laya is the name of a place on the Puye River, a tributary of the Pawan River in Sandai District. Then it was called Kartapura Kingdom because it moved again to Karta Pura in Tanah Merah village, Nanga Tayap sub-district, then to Tanjungpura Village now (Muara Pawan sub-district) and finally moved again to Muliakarta in the Muhammad Saunan Palace which is now the last as the centre of self-government.

Evidence of the existence of the rest of this kingdom can be seen with the existence of old tombs in these cities, which are silent witnesses to the rest of the Tanjungpura kingdom. To maintain this heritage the Ketapang Regency government has conducted restoration and maintenance in the place of the royal heritage. The goal is that young generations can learn the glory of the Tanjungpura kingdom in the past.

History

[edit]

Hindu Period

[edit]

At the time of King Brawijaya reigned in Majapahit, the crown prince of Majapahit, Prabu Jaya, was exiled by his brothers to Kandang Kerbau in Matan.[15] The crown prince was then married a Dayak princess, Dayang Putung,[16] and build a kingdom in Kuala Kandang Kerbau. They had three sons:

  1. Pangeran Prabu, titled Raja Baparung, the founder of the Sultanate of Sukadana (circa 1400 AD)
  2. Gusti Likar, enthroned at Meliau
  3. Prince Mancar, enthroned at the Sultanate of Tayan

After Raja Baparung died, his son, karang Tunjung, was enthroned in 1431. The life pattern of this sultanate at that time is agriculture and the sultanate was known as the Sultanate of Tanjungpura. In 1501, King Karang Tunjung died and was succeeded by his son, Panembahan Kalahrang. In the reign of this king, the Sutanate of Matan widened its territory so that it consisted of Tanjung Datuk, Tanjung Putting, Sintang, and Karimata, and had even made a trade relation with Majapahit.[17][15]

In 1502, Panembahan Bandala was on the throne and the people’s life pattern had changed into maritime pattern. His successor was Sibiring Mambal, titled Pangeran Dibarok, because the crown prince, Giri Kesuma, was at that time still under age. Pangeran Dibarok ruled between 1538–1550 AD.

Islamic Period

[edit]

In 1550, at the time of Pangeran Giri Kesuma, who was the husband of Ratu Mas Jintan, the princess of the Sultanate of Landak, Islam was spreading across the Sultanate of Matan.[18] The missionary was Syeh Husein.[citation needed] Pangeran Giri Kesuma then gave a title to the son of syeh Husein, Syarif Hasan, as Sultan Aliuddin. After Pangeran Giri Kesuma died, Ratu Mas Jintan was enthroned as a female queen titled Ratu Sukadana (Queen Sukadana).[19]

The Dutch came to Sukadana in 1604 and fought a war with Queen Sukadana until the queen was replaced by another Queen, Panembahan Air Mala. In this periode also Adipati Kendal with his Mataram Expedition, attacked Matan (1622). Panembahan Air Mala was replaced by Sultan Aliuddin who also known as Sultan Muhammad Syarifuddin. Sultan Aliudin was the ancestor of the kings whom ruled the Sultanate of Matan-Tanjungpura afterward.

List of rulers

[edit]
Keraton Matan throne room

In tracing the kings who once led the Matan Kingdom, it is also worth knowing the genealogy of the kings of the Tanjungpura Kingdom because these two kingdoms are actually still in one long historical series. Since there are several versions of the history and genealogy of the kings of Tanjungpura and other kingdoms that are still in the same series, the following is presented according to one version, namely based on the book Sekilas Menapak Langkah Kerajaan Tanjungpura (2007) edited by Drs. H. Gusti Mhd. Mulia:

According to Drs. H. Gusti Mhd. Mulia

[edit]

Tanjungpura Kingdom

[edit]
  1. Brawijaya (1454–1472)[20]
  2. Bapurung (1472–1487)[21][22][23][24]
  3. Panembahan Karang Tanjung (1487–1504)

During the reign of Panembahan Karang Tanjung, the centre of the Tanjungpura Kingdom which was originally located in Negeri Baru was moved to Sukadana, thus changing the name of the kingdom to Sukadana Kingdom. Sukadana is the name mentioned for this kingdom in the Hikayat Banjar.

Sukadana Kingdom

[edit]

A map created by Oliver van Noord in 1600, depicted the locations of Succadano, Tamanpure, Cota Matan, and Loue.[25]

  1. Panembahan Karang Tanjung (1487–1504)[26]
  2. Gusti Syamsudin or Pundong Asap or Panembahan Sang Ratu Agung (1504–1518)
  3. Gusti Abdul Wahab or Panembahan Bendala (1518–1533)
  4. Panembahan Pangeran Anom (1526–1533)
  5. Panembahan Baroh (1533–1590)
  6. Gusti Aliuddin or Giri Kesuma or Panembahan Sorgi (1590–1604)[27]
  7. Ratu Mas Jaintan (1604?1622)
  8. Giri Mustaka or Murong-Giri Mustafa or Sultan Muhammad Syaifuddin or Raden Saradipa/Saradewa (1622–1665); Son-in-law of Ratu Bagawan of Kotawaringin
    1. Gusti Kesuma Matan (Raden Buyut Kesuma Matan) or Pangeran Muda (alias Pangeran Putra).[23][28][29][30][31]

This was the last king of the Sukadana Kingdom as well as the first king of the Tanjungpura Kingdom with the title Sultan.

Matan Sultanate

[edit]
  1. Gusti Jakar Kencana atau Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin atau Sulthan Ratoe (1665–1724)
  2. Gusti Kesuma Bandan atau Sultan Muhammad Muazzuddin atau Marhum Negeri Laya.(1724–1738)
  3. Gusti Bendung atau Pangeran Ratu Agung atau Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin (1738–1749)
  4. Gusti Kencuran atau Sultan Ahmad Kamaluddin atau Marhum Indra Laya (1749–1762)
  5. Gusti Asma atau Pangeran Ratu atau Sultan Muhammad Jamaluddin (1762–1819)

Gusti Asma was the last king of Matan Kingdom and during his reign, This then leads to a further fragmentation within the kingdom. The centre of Matan Kingdom was moved to Simpang, and the name of the kingdom was changed to Simpang Kingdom or Simpang-Matan Kingdom. Whilst another kingdom was led Kayong-Matan Kingdom (also named Second Tanjungpura Kingdom).

Simpang-Matan Kingdom[32][33]

[edit]
  1. Gusti Asma atau Sultan Muhammad Jamaluddin atau Marhoem Tijang-Tiga atau Marhoem Indra Poera (1762–1819). Anak Sultan Ahmad Kamaluddin
  2. Gusti Mahmud atau Panembahan Anom Suryaningrat (1819–1845). Menantu Sultan Ahmad Kamaluddin[34]
  3. Gusti Muhammad Roem atau Panembahan Anom Kesumaningrat (1845–1889). Anak Panembahan Anom Suryaningrat[34][35]
  4. Gusti Panji atau Panembahan Suryaningrat (1889–1920)
  5. Gusti Roem atau Panembahan Gusti Roem (1912–1942)[36]
  6. Gusti Mesir atau Panembahan Gusti Mesir (1942–1943)
  7. Gusti Ibrahim (1945)

Gusti Mesir became a prisoner of the Imperial Japanese army who captured Indonesia from the Dutch in 1942, so there was a government vacuum in the Kingdom of Simpang. At the end of the Japanese occupation in Indonesia, around 1945, Gusti Ibrahim, the son of Gusti Egypt, was appointed as king. However, because at that time Gusti Ibrahim was only 14 years old, the wheels of government were run by the royal family, namely Gusti Mahmud or Mangkubumi who led the Simpang Kingdom until his death in 1952.

Kayong-Matan Kingdom (Tanjungpura II)

[edit]
  1. Gusti Irawan atau Sultan Mangkurat[37]
  2. Pangeran Agung
  3. Sultan Mangkurat Berputra
  4. Panembahan Anom Kesuma Negara atau Muhammad Zainuddin Mursal (1829-1833)[38]
  5. Pangeran Muhammad Sabran[35][39]
  6. Gusti Muhammad Saunan[40]

According to the Staatsblad van Nederlandisch Indië of 1849, the territories of these kingdoms were included in the Wester-afdeeling based on the Bêsluit van den Minister van Staat, Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indie, on 27 August 1849, No. 8 Although fragmented into several kingdoms, the kingdoms derived from the Tanjungpura Kingdom (Sukadana Kingdom, Simpang-Matan Kingdom, and Kayong-Matan Kingdom or Tanjungpura II Kingdom) still exist with their respective governments. The genealogy of the kings who once ruled in the Matan Kingdom (and before the establishment of the Matan Kingdom) above is one version that was successfully obtained.

According to the Matan Royal family

[edit]
Tombs of the Matan & Tanjungpura Kings in Tanjungpura Village, Muara Pawan District, Ketapang Regency, West Kalimantan

There are other versions that also mention the genealogy of the kings of Matan obtained from the Matan Royal family itself by collecting data from various sources (P.J. Veth, 1854; J.U. Lontaan, 1975; H. von Dewall, 1862; J. Von Dewall, 1862; P.J. Barth, 1862). P.J. Barth, 1896; Genealogy of the Royal Family of Matan-Tanjungpura; Genealogy of Malay and Bugis Kings; Raja Ali Haji, Tufat al-Nafis; Harun Jelani, 2004; H.J. de Graaf, 2002; Gusti Kamboja, 2004), namely as follows:

Tanjungpura Kingdom

[edit]
  1. Sang Maniaka atau Krysna Pandita (800 M–?)[41]
  2. Hyang-Ta (900–977)[42]
  3. Siak Bahulun (977–1025)[43]
  4. Rangga Sentap (1290–?)[44]
  5. Prabu Jaya/Brawijaya (1447-1461)[45]
  6. Raja Baparung, Pangeran Prabu (1461–1481)
  7. Karang Tunjung, Panembahan Pudong Prasap (1481–1501)
  8. Panembahan Kalahirang (1501–1512)[46]
  9. Panembahan Bandala (1512–1538); Anak Kalahirang
  10. Panembahan Anom (1538–1565); Saudara Panembahan Bandala
  11. Panembahan Dibarokh atau Sibiring Mambal (1565?–1590)

Kingdom of Matan

[edit]
  1. Giri Kusuma (1590-1608); Son of Panembahan Bandala
  2. Ratu Sukadana or Putri Bunku/Ratu Mas Jaintan (1608-1622); Wife of Giri Kusuma/Son of Ratu Prabu Landak
  3. Panembahan Ayer Mala (1622-1630); Son of Panembahan Bandala
  4. Sultan Muhammad Syafeiudin, Giri Mustaka, Panembahan Meliau or Pangeran Iranata/Cakra, (1630-1659); Son/Son-in-law of Giri Kusuma
  5. Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin (1659-1725); Son of Pangeran Muda bin Sultan Muhammad Syaeiuddin
  6. Pangeran Agung (1710-1711); power struggle
  7. division of power, led the kingdom in Tanah Merah
    1. Prince Agung Martadipura (1725-1730); Son of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin, power sharing, led the kingdom in Tanah Merah
    2. Prince Mangkurat or Sulthan Mangkoe Rat or Sultan Aliuddin Dinlaga (1728-1749); Son of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin, power sharing in Sandai and Tanah Merah
  8. division of power, led the kingdom in Simpang
    1. Pangeran Ratu Agung (1735-1740); Son of Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin, division of power, ruled the kingdom in Simpang
    2. Sultan Muazzidin Girilaya or Marhum Negeri Laya (1749-1762); Son of Pangeran Ratu Agung, ruled the kingdom in Simpang
  9. Sultan Akhmad Kamaluddin/Panembahan Tiang Tiga (1762-1792); Son of Sultan Aliuddin Dinlaga
  10. Sultan Muhammad Jamaluddin, formerly: Pangeran Ratu, formerly: Gusti Arma (1792-1830); Son of Sultan Akhmad Kalamuddin
  11. Prince Adi Mangkurat Iradilaga or Panembahan Anom Kusuma Negara (1831-1843); Son of Prince Mangkurat
  12. Pangeran Cakra yang Tua or Pangeran Jaya Anom (1843-1845); As acting prime minister, son of Pangeran Mangkurat
  13. Panembahan Gusti Muhammad Sabran (1845-1908); Son of Panembahan Anom Kusuma Negara
  14. Prince Admiral Uti Muchsin (1908-1924); Son of Panembahan Gusti Muhammad Sabran
  15. Panembahan Gusti Muhammad Saunan or Pangeran Mas (1924-1943); Son of Gusti Muhammad Busra
  16. Government Council of Matan Kingdom (1943-1948), consisting of Uti Halil (Pg. Mangku Negara), Uti Apilah (Pg. Adipati), Gusti Kencana (Pg. Anom Admiral)
  17. The King Council of Matan Kingdom was led by Prince Ratu Kertanegara Gusti Kamboja; Prince Laksamana Anom Gst Fadlin, S.Sos and the late Prince Adipati Uti Iwan Kusnadi (since 1987-2015).

Use of the royal name

[edit]

Today the name of the kingdom is immortalised as the name of the state university in West Kalimantan, Tanjungpura University in Pontianak, and is also used by the Indonesian Army as the name of the military unit (Kodam) in Kubu Raya, Kodam XII/Tanjungpura.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Tomé Pires, Armando Cortesão, Francisco Rodrigues (1990). The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: An Account of the East, from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and Maps, Written and Drawn in the East Before 1515. Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. p. 224. ISBN 8120605357.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Christie, J.W. (1985), The Santubong Sites of Sarawak, the Sarawak Museum Journal
  3. ^ Walker, J.H. (2016), From Po-li to Rajah Brooke: Culture, Power and the Contest for Sarawak, University of New South Wales, Australia
  4. ^ McLaughlin, T. and Sahari, S. 2020, Sarawak River Valley Early Times to 1840: Santubong Kuching Brunei
  5. ^ Smedley, Edward (1845). Encyclopædia metropolitana; or, Universal dictionary of knowledge. p. 713.
  6. ^ Malayan miscellanies (1820). Malayan miscellanies. p. 7.
  7. ^ Hoëvell, Wolter Robert (1861). Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië (in Dutch). Vol. 52. Ter Lands-drukkerij. p. 220.
  8. ^ Perhimpunan Ilmu Alam Indonesia, Madjalah ilmu alam untuk Indonesia (1856). Indonesian journal for natural science (in Dutch). Vol. 10–11.
  9. ^ a b Lestari Ningsih, Widya; Nada Nailufar, Nibras (2021-11-04). "Kerajaan Tanjungpura: Sejarah, Perpindahan Ibu Kota, dan Peninggalan Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  10. ^ a b Nur, Asiah (2019). "Ensiklopedia Kerajaan Indonesia". Mediantara Semesta (in Indonesian). 4. Jakarta.
  11. ^ Ansar, Rahman (2000). "Perspektif Berdirinya Kota Pontianak". Pontianak: Romeo Grafika: 110. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Mulia, Gusti Mhd. Sekilas Menapak Langkah Kerajaan Tanjungpura (2007 ed.). Pontianak. p. 5.
  13. ^ "Kerajaan Tanjungpura dan Sukadana, Kalimantan Barat - Jaringan Santri" (in Indonesian). 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  14. ^ Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land-, en volkenkunde (in Dutch). Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. 1862.
  15. ^ a b "Menelusuri Jejak Sejarah Kerajaan Tanjungpura - Bimbie.com". 2018-04-22. Archived from the original on 2018-04-22. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  16. ^ Priscilla, Testi (14 June 2022). "Kisah Putri Junjung Buih versi Kerajaan Tanjungpura". www.borneonews.co.id. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  17. ^ "Kingdom of Tanjungpura II (Kayong Matan) / Prov. Kalimantan Barat". Kesultanan dan Kerajaan di Indonesia. 2017-11-22. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  18. ^ "Sejarah Singkat Kerajaan Tanjungpura, Kerajaan Tertua di Kalbar Abad 14 - infoPontianak". 2013-04-21. Archived from the original on 2013-04-21. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  19. ^ Tomi (2014). Pasak Negeri Kapuas 1616-1822 (in Indonesian). Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. ISBN 978-602-96135-7-5.
  20. ^ Blume, Carl Ludwig (1843). De Indische Bij (in Dutch). Vol. 1. Hazenberg en Comp. p. 321.
  21. ^ Dawan, Lanang (10 January 2010). "Kerajaan Dompo". Pemecutan-Bedulu-Majapahit. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  22. ^ Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Lembaga Kebudajaan Indonesia (1862). "Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land-, en volkenkunde". 11. Lange & Co.: 2. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ a b Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië (1861). "Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië" (in Dutch). 23 (1–2). Nederlandsch-Indië: 198. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  24. ^ Married Dayang Silor, daughter of Banjar, gave birth to four children. One of them, Karang Tanjung
  25. ^ MacKinnon, Kathy (1996). The ecology of Kalimantan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780945971733.
  26. ^ Panembahan Karang Tanjung married Putri Kilang from Brunei and had a child with the title of Queen Agung
  27. ^ Veth, Pieter Johannes (1854). Borneo's wester-afdeeling: geographisch, statistisch, historisch : voorafgegaan door eene algemeene schets des ganschen eilands (in Dutch). Vol. 1. Noman en Zoon. p. 213.
  28. ^ Ludovicus Carolus Desiderius van Dijk (1862). "Neêrlands vroegste betrekkingen met Borneo, den Solo-Archipel, Cambodja, Siam en Cochin-China: een nagelaten werk" (in Dutch). J. H. Scheltema: 190. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. ^ Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Lembaga Kebudajaan Indonesia (1857). "Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land-, en volkenkunde" (in Dutch). 6. Lange & Co.: 242. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. ^ "Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land-, en volkenkunde" (in Dutch). 1. 1853: 1. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ^ Tomi (2014). Pasak Negeri Kapuas 1616-1822. Indonesia: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. p. 200. ISBN 978-6029613575.
  32. ^ Blume, Carl Ludwig (1843). De Indische Bij (in Dutch). Vol. 1. Hazenberg en Comp. p. 321.
  33. ^ Mueller, Georg. Proeve eener geschiedenis van een gedeelte der westkust van ... (in Dutch). Vol. 1.
  34. ^ a b Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen, Lembaga Kebudajaan Indonesia (1862). Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land-, en volkenkunde (in Dutch). Vol. 11. Lange & Co.
  35. ^ a b Landsdrukkerij (Batavia) (1871). Almanak van Nederlandsch-Indië voor het jaar (in Dutch). Vol. 44. Lands Drukkery. p. 222.
  36. ^ "Landsdrukkerij". Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indie voor 1914 (in Dutch). Batavia: Ter Lands-Drukkerij. 1914. p. 260.
  37. ^ Gusti Irawan is the second son of Sultan Muazuddin (King of Matan Kingdom) and younger brother of Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin who continued the throne of Sultan Muazuddin as King of Matan
  38. ^ Panembahan Anom was dismissed as sultan in 1833 because he was considered disloyal to Sultan Abdul Jalil Yang Dipertuan Syah Raja Negara Sukadana. The leadership position of the Kayong Kingdom was then transferred to Prince Anom's brother, Prince Cakra Negara, who ruled as Panembahan Matan from 1833 to 1835. Due to Dutch intervention, starting in 1835 Prince Anom was again seated as Panembahan Matan until 1847.
  39. ^ Muhammad Sabran was the son of Panembahan Anom. When he was inaugurated as sultan by Gubernemen (Dutch East Indies Colonial Government) Decree No. 3 dated 11 March 1847, Prince Muhammad Sabran was still very young, so a presidium of five ministers, chaired by Prince Mangkurat, was formed to run the government. Muhammad Sabran only took office as Panembahan Matan in 1856. During the reign of Panembahan Muhammad Sabran, the centre of the kingdom moved from Tanjungpura to Muliakerta, Ketapang, West Kalimantan. Panembahan Sabran ruled until 1908. A year later, in 1909, Panembahan Sabran passed away.
  40. ^ Muhammad Saunan is the grandson of Panembahan Sabran who was crowned heir to the throne because the crown prince, Panembahan Sabran's first son Prince Ratu Gusti Muhammad Busra, died before his father. When he was inaugurated as the leader of the kingdom in 1909, Gusti Muhammad Saunan (the first son of Gusti Muhammad Busra) was still not old enough, so the reins of government were held by Uti Muchsin Pangeran Laksamana Anom Kesuma Negara (uncle of Gusti Muhammad Saunan/brother of Gusti Muhammad Busra). Gusti Muhammad Saunan officially served as Panembahan Matan in 1922 and died during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in 1942.
  41. ^ According to Bustan Arifin Al Salatin, "National History, Malay History, the Influence of Syailendra and Sriwijaya (850-900)"
  42. ^ According to Chinese chronicles, the influence of Srivijaya during the Kalinga Kingdom period (South India)
  43. ^ According to the History of West Kalimantan/Oral Stories, the period of the attack by the Cola Kingdom (South India) on Srivijaya
  44. ^ Conquering Singhasari, Pamalayu Expedition Singhasari Period (1222–1293)
  45. ^ Conquest of Majapahit, according to Negarakertagama, according to the Waringin Pitu Inscription (1447)
  46. ^ The kingdom moved to Sukadana, political expansion reached Tanjung Datuk, Tanjung Putting, Karimata and Pulau Tujuh
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