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Order Monotremata

Family Ornithorhynchidae

Picture	Common Name	Name	Map	Habitat	Behavior	Reproduction	Status
	Platypus	Ornithorhynchus anatinus	(red-native; yellow-introduced)	small streams and rivers; tropical rainforests; digs resting and nesting burrows and home territory	semiaquatic; electrolocation; males possess defensive venomous spur	single breeding season, mating between June and Oct; lays 1-3 eggs, in utero for about 28 days, about 10 days of external incubation; suckles for 3-4 months	near threatened

Family Tachyglossidae

Common Name	Name	Map	Habitat	Behavior	Reproduction	Status	Traits
Short-beaked Echidna	Tachyglossus aculeatus		forested areas near termites; uncleared scrub; grassland, arid areas, outer suburbs; no home territory or fixed shelter	solitary; typically diurnal, crepuscular or nocturnal in warm weather; regulates body temperature and swims; hibernation; wraps into a ball	seeks a mate between May and Sept; courtship rituals and cloaca; 1 egg; gestation between 21 and 28 days after copulation	least concern
Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna	Zaglossus attenboroughi		Cyclops Mountain forest; burrows	solitary; nocturnal; rolls into a ball when threatened	mates in July; lays eggs after about 8 days, and young stay in pouch for around 8 weeks or until spines develop	critically endangered	smallest echidna, male larger than female; spurs on hind legs
Eastern Long-beaked Echidna	Zaglossus bartoni		mainly nocturnal; tropical hill forests; sub-alpine forests; upland grasslands; scrub	rolls into a ball for defense	lays eggs; cloaca	vulnerable	distinctive: 5 claws on fore feet, 4 claws on hind feet
Western Long-beaked Echidna	Zaglossus bruijni	(green-extant; orange-possibly extinct)	prefers alpine meadow and humid montane forests		lays eggs	critically endangered	eats earthworms unlike the short-beaked echidna that eats ants and termites; distinctive: three claws on fore and hind feet, rarely four; largest extant monotreme

Infraclass Marsupialia

Order Didelphimorphia (Opossums)

Picture	Common Name	Name	Habitat	Behavior	Reproduction	Status	Traits
	Derby's Woolly Opossum	Caluromys derbianus	deciduous and moist evergreen forests; nests made of dead leaves in upper reaches of trees	nocturnal; arboreal; solitary	sexually mature by 7-9 months; estrus cycle nearly 28 days long; males seen pursuing females before copulation; litter ranges from 1-6	least concern	largest Caluromys species
	Brown-eared Woolly Opossum	Caluromys lanatus	humid tropical forests; plantations; mangrove and xerophytic forests; cerrado and pantanal	nocturnal; generally solitary, but seen foraging in pairs	estrus cycle is 27-29 days long; females develop a pouch prior to carrying young; litter ranges from 1-4	least concern	comparatively large braincase
	Bare-tailed Woolly Opossum	Caluromys philander	subtropical forests, rainforests, secondary forests; plantations; constructs nests in tree cavities	nocturnal; solitary	gestation lasts 25 days; litter is 1-7; young exit pouch after 3 months, weaning occurring a month later	least concern	longest gestation of all didelphomorphs; male activity studied to change with the extent of moonlight
	Black-shouldered Opossum	Caluromysiops irrupta	humid forests; high branches	nocturnal; arboreal	litter is 1-2	least concern	broad black stripes; shorter rostrum and larger molars than Caluromys species
	Chacoan Pygmy Opossum	Chacodelphys formosa				near threatened	smallest known species of didelphid; differs from all other members of the "marmosine" genera in having a long third manual digit, no distinctly tricolored pelage, a long fourth pedal digit, and a tail shorter than head-body
	Water Opossum (Yapok)	Chironectes minimus	found in and near freshwater streams and lakes; bankside burrows	semiaquatic; emerges after dusk	mates in Dec, with 1-5 young born 12-14 days later; at 48 days old, young detach from the nipples, but still nurse and sleep with the mother	least concern	only living marsupial in which both sexes have a pouch (the Thylacine also exhibited this trait); most aquatic-living marsupial, with broad webbed hind feet and short, dense, water-repellent fur; does not possess a cloaca like other didelphids
	Agricola's Gracile Opossum	Cryptonanus agricolai	caatinga and cerrado			data deficient
	Chacoan Gracile Opossum	Cryptonanus chacoensis	seasonally flooded grasslands and forests in an near Gran Chaco			least concern
	Guahiba Gracile Opossum	Cryptonanus guahybae	presumed to inhabit subtropical forests			data deficient
	Unduavi Gracile Opossum	Cryptonanus unduaviensis	been found in seasonally flooded grassland			data deficient
	White-eared Opossum	Didelphis albiventris	habitat generalist, changing habitat depending on its breeding season; open areas, mountains, and deciduous and humid forests	terrestrial; sometimes arboreal		least concern
	Big-eared Opossum (Saruê)	Didelphis aurita				least concern
	Guianan White-eared Opossum	Didelphis imperfecta				least concern
	Common Opossum	Didelphis marsupialis	found in tropical and subtropical forest, both primary and secondary, but can also live in fields and cities; uses a wide range of nest sites	mainly nocturnal and terrestrial, with some arboreal exploration and nesting; usually solitary	5-9 young between 1 and 3 times per year	least concern	their ability to digest almost anything edible gives them a broader range than a human
	Andean White-eared Opossum	Didelphis pernigra				least concern
	Virginia Opossum	Didelphis virginiana	woodlands; swamps; cities	nocturnal; solitary; feigns death by "playing possum" for defense	breeding season can begin as early as Dec and continue through Oct with most young born between Feb and June; male attracts female by making clicking sounds with its mouth; may have 1-3 litters per year, consisting of up to 20-50 young, only 13 of which who will reach the mother's 13 teats and survive; young reside in pouch for about 2 1/2 months before climbing onto the mother's back, leaving her after about 4 or 5 months	least concern	possesses opposable, clawless thumbs on the rear limbs; has 50 teeth, more than any other North American land mammal; has been found to be very resistant to snake venom; has one of the lowest encephalization quotients of any marsupial
	Bushy-tailed Opossum	Glironia venusta	been captured in heavy, humid tropical forests	arboreal; nocturnal; solitary		least concern
	Aceramarca Gracile Opossum	Gracilinanus aceramarcae	tropical elfin forest	mostly arboreal, but it may forage for food on the ground		least concern
	Agile Gracile Opossum	Gracilinanus agilis	Brazilian cerrado; evergreen and gallery forests; moist woodland	nocturnal; arboreal; reported to be an adept climber, with nests made of vegetation, one containing 7 individuals	reported to have up to 12 young	least concern
	Wood Sprite Gracile Opossum	Gracilinanus dryas	subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests			least concern
	Emilia's Gracile Opossum	Gracilinanus emiliae				data deficient
	Kalinowski's Mouse Opossum	Hyladelphys kalinowskii	subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests			least concern
	Northern Gracile Opossum	Gracilinanus marica	subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests			least concern
	Brazilian Gracile Opossum	Gracilinanus microtarsus	rainforests and partly deciduous forests; also been found in artificial plantations; individuals inhabit a home range whose size depends on habitat	nocturnal; solitary; arboreal	females come into estrus once a year, between Aug and Sept; litters of up to 12 young are born during the wet season, when food is plentiful; weaned by 3 months of age, offspring reach sexual maturity within a year of birth	least concern	prehensile, scaly tail that does not store fat as it does in some related species; female typically has 15 teats, but the exact number can vary
	Patagonian Opossum	Lestodelphys halli	believed to only be able to live in the Patagonian steppe			least concern	occurs further south, in Argentina, than any other living marsupial; the upper molars are narrow in size, compared to any of the other living opossums; the shortage of fruits and insects in southern regions has led this species to feed on mainly birds and mice, one caught using a dead bird as bait
	Lutrine Opossum	Lutreolina crassicaudata	grasslands and savanna grasslands near water; gallery woodlands with permanent water bodies; marshy or riparian habitats; builds tight nests made of grass and reeds or utilizes abandoned armadillo or viscacha burrows	nocturnal and crepuscular; terrestrial, but excellent swimmers and climbers	breeding begins in Sept and carries on until April followed by approx. 5 months of anestrous; two breeding periods per year resulting in litters of 7-11 offspring, born in Sept and either Dec or Jan; gestation lasts approx. 2 weeks and young are weaned at around 3 months; males likely compete for mates	least concern	long weasel-like body with short legs and no undulation of the vertebral column, disqualifying them from being categorized as a specialized semi-aquatic mammal
	Alston's Mouse Opossum	Marmosa alstoni	forests	nocturnal; arboreal		least concern
	Heavy-browed Mouse Opossum	Marmosa andersoni	forests	nocturnal and probably arboreal		data deficient	large thin ears to provide acute hearing; each foot has five digits and the big toe on the hind foot is opposable
	White-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum	Marmosa constantiae	moist tropical forests, often near the boundary with drier habitats; montane forests	nocturnal; solitary; arboreal	little is known, but it appears to breed throughout the year, and mothers have been captured with up to 7 young attached to their teats	least concern	one of the largest mouse opossums; thick and woolly fur; narrow black eye rings; as with all mouse opossums, females do not have a pouch, but this species has 15 teats arranged in a circle, more than in any of its closest relatives
	Woolly Mouse Opossum	Marmosa demerarae				least concern
	Isthmian Mouse Opossum	Marmosa isthmica	forages along branches and vines	supposed to be similar to the Robinson's Mouse Opossum
(above)	Rufous Mouse Opossum	Marmosa lepida	lowland tropical rainforest			least concern
	Mexican Mouse Opossum	Marmosa mexicana	primary and secondary forest, including lowland tropical rainforest, and dry deciduous and cloud forest; plantations; grassland; likely constructs nests in burrows and trees	nocturnal; solitary; primarily arboreal		least concern	black eye rings that vary in intensity based on the region of the individual; forepaws provide powerful burrowing skills
	Quechuan Mouse Opossum	Marmosa macrotarsus	montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Peru			least concern
	Linnaeus's Mouse Opossum	Marmosa murina	often near forest streams and human habitation; shelters in a mesh of twigs on a tree branch or in a tree hole, or in an old bird's nest	nocturnal; will "play possum" for defense	gestation is approx. 13 days; litter is 5-10	least concern
	Tate's Woolly Mouse Opossum	Marmosa paraguayana	primary and secondary forest, including forest fragments with grassland	arboreal		least concern
	Little Woolly Mouse Opossum	Marmosa phaea	primarily lowland rainforest and montane cloud forest; reported in dry forest in southern range	nocturnal; mainly solitary; arboreal		vulnerable
	Bare-tailed Woolly Mouse Opossum	Marmosa regina	tropical rainforest in westernmost Amazon Basin and eastern Andes foothills			least concern
	Robinson's Mouse Opossum	Marmosa robinsoni	lowland and montane moist forests; lowland dry forests; mangroves; savannas; xeric shrublands	appears to be solitary in the wild, but captivity showed the formation of social hierarchies; first appears at sunset and is active intermittently until sunrise; likely often switches nests	gestation is 14 days; litter is 6-14; young remain attached to the mother's mammae for around 30 days	least concern	black facial mask that varies in size according to the region of the individual; feet are modified for grasping with pads and an opposable hallux
	Red Mouse Opossum	Marmosa rubra				data deficient
	Tyler's Mouse Opossum	Marmosa tyleriana	rainforests of the Guiana Highlands of southern Venezuela			data deficient
	Guajira Mouse Opossum	Marmosa xerophila				vulnerable
	Bishop's Slender Opossum	Marmosops bishopi		arboreal		least concern
	Narrow-headed Slender Opossum	Marmosops cracens				data deficient
	Creighton's Slender Opossum	Marmosops creightoni	Andean cloud forests			data deficient
	Dorothy's Slender Opossum	Marmosops dorothea				least concern
	Dusky Slender Opossum	Marmosops fuscatus				data deficient
	Handley's Slender Opossum	Marmosops handleyi				critically endangered
	Tschudi's slender opossum	Marmosops impavidus				least concern
	Gray Slender Opossum	Marmosops incanus				least concern
	Panama Slender Opossum	Marmosops invictus	found in tropical rainforest, including disturbed areas	mostly terrestrial in its habits		least concern
	Junin Slender Opossum	Marmosops juninensis	Andean montane forests			vulnerable
	Neblina Slender Opossum	Marmosops neblina				least concern
	White-bellied Slender Opossum	Marmosops noctivagus				least concern
	Delicate Slender Opossum	Marmosops parvidens	moist primary tropical rainforest	nocturnal; partially arboreal		least concern
	Brazilian Slender Opossum	Marmosops paulensis	moist montane forest		breeding appears to be fully semelparous, unusual for a mammal	least concern
	Pinheiro's Slender Opossum	Marmosops pinheiroi				least concern
	Brown Four-eyed Opossum	Metachirus nudicaudatus	different forested habitats; builds nests made of leaves and twigs in tree branches or under rocks and logs	nocturnal; solitary; strongly terrestrial	seasonally polyestrous; litter varies from 1-9	least concern	white spot over each eye
	Sepia Short-tailed Opossum	Monodelphis adusta	forests; grasslands; lives in tree holes	nocturnal		least concern	distinctive member of its genus for its lack of streaks on its trunk
	Northern Three-striped Opossum	Monodelphis americana				least concern
	Northern Red-sided Opossum	Monodelphis brevicaudata	typically in mature, secondary rainforest; plantations or gardens; not as often found in dry deciduous forests; reside in shrubby areas with lots of vegetation; found in hollows of trees	nocturnal and crepuscular; poor climbers and stay on the forest floor	polygynous and become sexually mature at around 4-5 months; breeding season is typically from May to Aug; males may be violent and fight for territory and mates; litter is 7, and healthy females can have 4 litters per year; mothers care for young for about 50 days, the young riding on her back when old enough	least concern	pouch not as developed as in other marsupials; the shape of the urethral grooves of the males' genitalia is used to distinguish between the Gray Short-tailed Opossum and the Northern Three-striped Opossum
	Yellow-sided Opossum	Monodelphis dimidiata	marshy grasslands	shows a variety of behaviors used in social contexts, including male-to-male agonistic rituals, and a variety of vocalizations whose significance is yet to be further investigated	suspected to be a once-in-a-lifetime breeder	least concern	thought to be a miniature analog to the marsupial sabertooths Thylacosmilus, possessing one of the largest canines of any marsupial relative to body size and was proposed as a living model to test hypotheses about hunting strategies of the extinct predators
	Gray Short-tailed Opossum	Monodelphis domestica	rainforest; scrubland; agricultural and urban land; each individual occupies a 1,200 to 1,800 square meter home range	nocturnal; solitary	sexually mature at 5-6 months of age; breeds year round with suitable climate, raising up to 6 litters of 6-11 young each during a good year; females only come into oestrus when exposed to male pheromones; gestation lasts 14 days; young stay attached to teats for 2 weeks, and are weaned at 8 weeks	least concern	proportionately shorter tail than in some other opossums; it was the first marsupial to have its genome sequenced
	Emilia's Short-tailed Opossum	Monodelphis emiliae				least concern
	Amazonian Red-sided Opossum	Monodelphis glirina	Amazon rainforest	nocturnal; primarily nonarboreal		least concern
	Ihering's Three-striped Opossum	Monodelphis iheringi				data deficient
	Pygmy Short-tailed Opossum	Monodelphis kunsi	variety ranging from forested or wooded areas, to dry Cerrado savannahs, and Amazonian rainforest	terrestrial		least concern	considered a smaller species within didelphids; less protruded rostrum than some other opossums
	Marajó Short-tailed Opossum	Monodelphis maraxina	endemic to the Amazon River delta region			data deficient
	Osgood's Short-tailed Opossum	Monodelphis osgoodi	subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest; subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland			least concern
	Hooded Red-sided Opossum	Monodelphis palliolata	tropical rainforest; been seen in areas under cultivation	primarily nonarboreal		least concern
	Reig's Opossum	Monodelphis reigi	initially found in montane forest in Canaima National Park, Venezuela in the Sierra de Lema			vulnerable
	Ronald's Opossum	Monodelphis ronaldi	known only from Manú National Park, Peru, where it inhabits the Amazon rainforest			least concern
	Chestnut-striped Opossum	Monodelphis rubida		crepuscular; terrestrial		data deficient
	Gnome Opossum	Monodelphis saci	lowland rainforests along the south bank of the Brazilian Amazon				reddish heads, hence the name
(below)	Long-nosed Short-tailed Opossum	Monodelphis scalops				least concern
	Southern Red-sided Opossum	Monodelphis sorex		terrestrial	unlike most marsupials, the female has no pouch, so young cling to her nipples and then ride on her back and flanks when older	least concern
	Southern Three-striped Opossum	Monodelphis theresa	Atlantic Forest region of Brazil			data deficient
	Red Three-striped Opossum	Monodelphis umbristriata				vulnerable
	One-striped Opossum	Monodelphis unistriata				critically endangered, possibly extinct
	Anderson's Four-eyed Opossum	Philander andersoni				least concern	3-4 cm wide black stripe down the back
	Deltaic Four-eyed Opossum	Philander deltae	perennially flooded swamp forest or seasonally flooded marsh forest of the adjacent Orinoco deltas			least concern	small spots above the eyes and inconspicuous small spots behind the ears
	Southeastern Four-eyed Opossum	Philander frenatus				least concern	cream-colored vertical stripe along the midline of the throat
	McIlhenny's Four-eyed Opossum	Philander mcilhennyi				least concern	black with white spots above each eye
	Mondolfi's Four-eyed Opossum	Philander mondolfii	foothills			least concern	large conspicuous spots above the eyes and conspicuous smaller spots behind the ears
	Olrog's Four-eyed Opossum	Philander olrogi	lowland Amazon rainforest			data deficient	sympatric with Gray Four-eyed Opossum, but differs with a zygomatic arch
	Gray Four-eyed Opossum	Philander opossum	primary, secondary, and disturbed forest; often moist areas near water; no well defined territory; builds nests out of dry leaves in various places	mostly nocturnal; solitary; partly arboreal; terrestrial but a good swimmer and climber	typically seasonal, more young born during rainy season with fruit abundance; gestation averages 13-14 days; litter averages 4-5, with each female producing between 2 and 4 litters per year; factors of dry season and <11 month old mother determines offspring's survival; young nurse until 68-75 days old, then 8-15 days later the mother becomes aggressive and expels them	least concern	sharply defined white spot above each eye; similar to the Virginia Opossum, it is able to overcome toxic effects from snake bites, but it does not "play possum," but aggressively fights with potential predators, so it is known to be "the fiercest fighter of the opossums"; seems more alert than other didelphids with agile and swift movements
	Cinderella Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum	Thylamys cinderella	eastern foothills of the Andes			least concern
	Elegant Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum	Thylamys elegans	variety of habitats from cloud forests to chaparrals; lives in tree hollows or under rocks and roots, with a home range	crepuscular; arboreal; terrestrial	both sexes mature by the first year; females can have 1-2 litters in the annual breeding season, typically from Sept to March; though up to 17 embryos can be produced, typically between 11 and 13, depending on the number of functioning nipples, will survive	least concern	this species can exhibit torpor, a mechanism that allows it to significantly reduce its food and energy requirements, and when water is scarce, the urine tends to become very concentrated
	Karimi's Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum	Thylamys karimii	cerrado and caatinga	crepuscular; mostly terrestrial		vulnerable	its tail may be nonprehensile
	Paraguayan Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum	Thylamys macrurus	forested areas			near threatened	although "Thylamys" are characterized by storing fat storage in the tail, no evidence shows that this species does
	White-bellied Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum	Thylamys pallidior	arid and semiarid environments, ranging from the coastal deserts of Peru, through the Andes and the Monte Desert, and into the Patagonian steppe of Argentina; generally inhabits rocky environments with little plant cover, but can be found in dry forest or thorn scrub; nests in tree and shrub cavities or beneath rocks	nocturnal; good climber, but usually prefers the ground	litter is up to 15, typically born during the summer months; no pouch, but teats are variable in both number and arrangement, and may not all function at the same time	least concern	one of the smallest members of its genus; differs from most other mouse opossums in having a gray to brown coat and completely white underside; torpor
	Common Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum	Thylamys pusillus	chaco and Andean foothill habitats			least concern	sharply bicolored tail; its tail often lacks fat deposits, but does not always
	Argentine Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum	Thylamys sponsorius	eastern foothills of the Andes			least concern
	Tate's Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum	Thylamys tatei	along the coast of central Peru			data deficient	northernmost range of any member of its genus
	Dwarf Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum	Thylamys velutinus	cerrado and caatinga habitats			near threatened	its hind foot is less than 14 mm, which is short for its genus
	Buff-bellied Fat-tailed Mouse Opossum	Thylamys venustus	transitional and humid forests			data deficient	the postorbital ridges are absent in the young and weakly developed in adults
	Grayish Mouse Opossum	Tlacuatzin canescens	occupies seasonally arid habitats, especially mixed deciduous forests, but also scrub, grassland, and agricultural land; suggested to own small home ranges; nests lined with "cotton" from kapok trees	nocturnal; solitary; semiarboreal, being more terrestrial in its habits than other mouse opossums	breeding occurs in late summer and early autumn; mate while hanging upside down from their tails, with the male tightly holding onto the female's neck with its jaws; litter ranges from 8-14; in the absence of a true pouch, the young attach to teats, sheltering in a pouch-like layer of hair	least concern

Order Paucituberculata (Shrew Opossums)

Common Name	Name	Habitat	Behavior	Reproduction	Status	Traits
Gray-bellied Caenolestid	Caenolestes caniventer	humid, temperate forests; moist grasslands in the subtropics; cool, moist areas with good cover; small tunnels under tree roots by streams	appears to be crepuscular or nocturnal, and terrestrial	litter could be 2	near threatened
Andean Caenolestid	Caenolestes condorensis	eastern Andes; specimens captured between the short grassy vegetation of the plateau and the higher, wooded slopes			vulnerable	largest caenolestid
Northern Caenolestid	Caenolestes convelatus	occurs in and around alpine and secondary forests			vulnerable
Dusky Caenolestid	Caenolestes fuliginosus	occurs in alpine and páramo forests	nocturnal; can be a fast runner, but does not move in leaps and jumps; reported to have poor vision, but good smelling and hearing		least concern	the ears and eyes are smaller and the rostrum is longer than in other caenolestids; the tail, though prehensile, may not be able to support the animal when it hangs down a branch
Eastern caenolestid	Caenolestes sangay	eastern slopes of the Andes			vulnerable
Incan Caenolestid	Lestoros inca	southern Andes; moist habitats, in elfin and secondary forests, and Baccharis scrubs	appears to be nocturnal and terrestrial		least concern	this caenolestid has a relatively stronger cranium and shorter mandible, suggesting that it can feed on tougher material than can other shrew opossums
Long-nosed Caenolestid	Rhyncholestes raphanurus	occurs in temperate forests; prefers cool, moist areas; appears to live in burrows and fallen logs	appears to be nocturnal and terrestrial	lactating females have been reported in May as well as from Oct to March	near threatened	long, pointed snout, small eyes and ears, and one claw on a digit of each of the thin limbs; lacks a marsupium and has 7 nipples, unlike the 4 typical of other caenolestids; the tail helps in balancing the body during locomotion; its relatively shorter tail could imply lesser agility in comparison to other caenolestids, and moreover, the tail can be used to store fat, and is reportedly thickest during early winter

Family Microbiotheriidae

Picture	Common Name	Name	Map	Habitat	Behavior	Reproduction	Status	Traits
	Monito del Monte (Colocolo Opossum)	Dromiciops gliroides		Valdivian temperate rainforests of the southern Andes, living in thickets of mountain bamboo; dense, humid forests of highland Argentina and Chile, mainly living in trees, where it constructs spherical nests of water resistant colihue leaves	nocturnal; arboreal; torpor and uses mossy nests for protection from bad weather; hibernation; sole dispersal agent for the loranthacous mistletoe	well-formed, fur-lined marsupium containing 4 mammae; normally reproduce in the spring once a year; litter varies from 1-5, only 4 of which can be fed and survive; when young are mature enough to leave the pouch, approx. 5 months, they are nursed in a distinctive nest, then carried on the mother's back, and remain in association with her after weaning; both sexes reach sexual maturity after 2 years	near threatened	only extant species in the ancient order Microbiotheria

Order Diprotodontia

Suborder Vombatiformes

Common Name	Name	Map	Habitat	Behavior	Reproduction	Status	Traits
Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat	Lasiorhinus krefftii			nocturnal; digs networks of burrows, and known to share them with up to 10 individuals, equally divided by sex	slightly larger than the common wombat and able to breed somewhat faster, giving birth to 2 young every 3 years on average; young are usually born during the wet season, between Nov and April; young stay in pouch for 8-9 months, weaned at 12 months	critically endangered	one of the rarest land mammals; nose crucial to its survival because it has very poor eyesight, so it must detect its food in the dark through smell; the fat reserves and low metabolic rate of this species permit it to go without food for several days when food is scarce
Southern Hairy-nosed Wombat	Lasiorhinus latifrons		semiarid to arid grasslands and woodlands	digs burrows connected into warrens with many entrances, shared with up to 10 individuals; communicates through vocalizations and olfaction	breeding occurs when its favored food is at its peak growth rates, relying on winter rainfall to germinate grasses; between Aug and Oct, when rainfall is sufficient, females enter ovulation and the males' testosterone levels and prostate gland sizes increases; males establish aggressive dominance hierarchies; gestation lasts 22 days; young stay in pouch for 6 months, fully weaned at a year old, sexually maturing at 3 years	near threatened	smallest of the 3 wombats; larger temporalis muscle and a smaller masseter muscle than the common wombat; unlike the northern hairy-nosed wombat, its nasal bone is longer than the frontal bone
Koala	Phascolarctos cinereus	(red–native, purple–introduced)	typically inhabit open eucalypt woodlands and forests; home ranges; climates ranging from tropical to cool temperate	arboreal; largely sedentary and sleeps up to 20 hours a day; asocial; adults communicate with loud bellows that intimidate rivals and attract mates	females in oestrus tend to hold their heads further back than usual and commonly display tremors and spasms, but males do not appear to recognize these signs, and have been observed to mount non-oestrous females, sometimes forcing a mount; seasonal breeders, births taking place from the middle of spring through the summer to early autumn, from Oct to May; gestation lasts 33-35 days; litter is 1, or occassionally 2; at 26 weeks old, the young pokes it head out of the pouch, 6 months begins eucalyptus diet	vulnerable	only extant representative of the family Phascolarctidae; has the most effective insulating back fur of any marsupial and is highly resilient to wind and rain, while the belly fur can reflect solar radiation; one of the smallest brains in proportion to body weight of any mammal; its vision is not well developed and its relatively small eyes are unusual among marsupials in that the pupils have vertical slits; since it gains a low amount of energy from its diet, its metabolic rate is half that of a typical mammal, although this can vary between seasons and sexes
Common Wombat	Vombatus ursinus		variety of habitats, rainforest, eucalyptus forest, woodland, alpine grassland, and coastal areas; adapted to farmland in some regions; higher mountainous areas northern of its distribution; each individual has an established range	often nocturnal; solitary and territorial; digs a tunnel system, with one entrance, and sometimes one exit also, and many can live in the same burrow	can breed every 2 years and produce a single offspring; gestation is about 20-30 days; young remain in pouch for 5 months, are weaned at around 12-15 months, and are usually independent by 18 months	least concern	distinguished from both hairy-nosed wombats by its bald nose

Suborder Phalangeriformes

Common Name	Name	Map	Habitat	Behavior	Reproduction	Status	Traits
Talaud Bear Cuscus	Ailurops melanotis		subtropical or tropical dry forests			critically endangered
Sulawesi Bear Cuscus	Ailurops ursinus		tropical moist lowland forest	diurnal; often found in pairs		vulnerable
Mountain Pygmy Possum	Burramys parvus		dense alpine rock screes and boulder fields home ranges	nocturnal; terrestrial; females tend to stay in familial groups of up to 10 related individuals, and are relatively sedentary; males tend to be solitary; hibernation	although females are polyestrous, the need for sufficient fat reserves during hibernation limits them to 1 litter per year, reproducing the spring months when Bogong moths are abundant, breeding season typically occurring during the Austral spring months of Oct and Nov, when males migrate to higher elevation nesting sites of mates; internal gestation is 14-16 days; litter is usually 3-4, and young remain in pouch for approx. 3 weeks, remaining in nest for another 3-4 weeks, weaned at around 9-10 weeks	critically endangered	only Australian mammal restricted to alpine habitat
Long-tailed Pygmy Possum	Cercartetus caudatus		rainforests	nocturnal; arboreal; torpid	breeds twice a year; litter is 1-4, born around Jan and Feb, and sometimes a 2nd litter from late Aug to early Sept; young leave nest when 45 days old	least concern	a tail that is about one and a half times as long as the body
Western Pygmy Possum	Cercartetus concinnus		semi-arid woodland, shrubland, and heath; shelters in crevices, birds' nests, or dense vegetation	nocturnal; solitary; migrate to different areas over the course of the year, depending on local plant resources; described as making a rapid chattering noise; torpor, and rouse unusually quickly due to its size	can breed throughout the year, although usually in spring; litter is 4-6, often carrying >6 embryos at a time in her womb, having only 6 teats, leaving the pouch at around 25 days, and mother can give birth 2 days after weaning at around 50 days, when teats shrink and mammary glands revert to colostrum production	least concern
Tasmanian Pygmy Possum	Cercartetus lepidus		sclerophyll forest, mallee, and open heathland vegetation, and in shrubland or forest undergrowth; uses strips of bark to construct dome-like nests in tree cavities or rotten wood	nocturnal; solitary; arboreal; good climber; torpor	breeding occurs throughout the year, usually in spring or summer; litter is 4 for 4 teats; young leave pouch at around 42 days, but may cling to and be carried by mother after, leaving nest at around 90 days	least concern	smallest possum species
Eastern Pygmy Possum	Cercartetus nanus		rainforest, sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath; shelters in tree hollows and stumps, thickets, and birds' nests; home ranges	nocturnal; generally solitary, but reported to share communal nests and be in groups; torpor; active climber	typically breed twice a year; gestation lasts around 30 days, after which young spend 33-37 days in pouch; litter usually 4, having 6 teats; weaned at 60-65 days, and remain with mother for at least 10 more days	least concern
Gebe Cuscus	Phalanger alexandrae					endangered
Mountain Cuscus	Phalanger carmelitae					least concern
Ground Cuscus	Phalanger gymnotis		forests and scrubland	mostly nocturnal; generally arboreal and slow-moving; regarded as solitary and fights with other individuals		least concern	differs from all other phalangerids in spending its days in burrows in the ground and appears as comfortable at ground level as in the trees
Eastern Common Cuscus	Phalanger intercastellanus					least concern
Woodlark Cuscus	Phalanger lullulae		primary and secondary tropical forests with a preference for the dry lowland forest; seeks shelter under epiphytes and inside tree hollows during the day	nocturnal; arboreal; vocalizes while foraging; aggressive towards each other	distinctive composition of the mother's milk; as the young grow, the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein compositions in it fluctuates in accordance to the stage the young is in as it grows, and it will feed on milk that is very dilute and composted of simple sugars while the older ones feed on more concentrated milk	endangered	largest mammal living on Woodlark Island; set apart from other diprotodont marsupials because the back part of the cranium is not exposed to the mastoid; apart from all other marsupials by its short fur that has marble-like patterns
Blue-eyed Cuscus	Phalanger matabiru					vulnerable
Telefomin Cuscus	Phalanger matanim		oak forests			critically endangered, possibly extinct
Southern Common Cuscus	Phalanger mimicus			arboreal		least concern
Northern Common Cuscus	Phalanger orientalis	(blue — native, red — introduced, dark gray — origin uncertain)	secondary forest; plantations and gardens; primary tropical forest; coastal monsoon rainforest; gallery forest; remnant montane rainforest	thought to be nocturnal and arboreal		least concern
Ornate Cuscus	Phalanger ornatus					least concern
Rothschild's Cuscus	Phalanger rothschildi					least concern
Silky Cuscus	Phalanger sericeus		across high elevations in central mountains			least concern