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Sederhanky351/sandbox
← 1993 November 3, 1996 (1996-11-03) 1999 →
All 615 seats in the United States Parliament
308 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered146,211,960
Turnout96,456,345
  First party Second party Third party
 
Candidate Gerald Ford Pat Buchanan Joe Biden
Party American Freedom Liberal
Last election 33.0%, 204 seats 12.7%, 78 seats 14.5%, 89 seats
Seats won 163 109 106
Seat change Decrease 41 Increase 31 Increase 17
Popular vote 25,512,759 17,072,773 16,590,491
Percentage 26.5% 17.7% 17.2%
Swing Decrease 6.5pp Increase 5.0pp Increase 2.7pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Candidate Paul Wellstone Jack Kemp Ron Paul
Party Progressive Conservative Libertarian
Last election 21.5%, 132 seats 14.8%, 91 seats 3.4%, 21 seats
Seats won 100 96 24
Seat change Decrease 32 Increase 5 Increase 3
Popular vote 15,722,384 15,047,190 3,761,797
Percentage 16.3% 15.6% 3.9%
Swing Decrease 5.2pp Increase 0.8pp Increase 0.5pp
  Seventh party
 
Candidate Ralph Nader
Party Greens
Last election -
Seats won 17
Seat change New
Popular vote 2,270,906
Percentage 2.8%
Swing New
Government before election

First Clinton cabinet
New Democratic–Progressive-Liberal

Government after election

Second Clinton cabinet
New Democratic–Progressive-Liberal

Democratic Party (United States)
Democratic Party (United States)
1987 Liberal Party leaders
Michael Dukakis Joe Biden
Leader Deputy Leader
76th
Congressman from Massachusetts
(1971–1975) 		List of governors of Delaware
from Congressman from Delaware
(1964–1976)
Campaign

Elections

[edit]
Sederhanky351/sandbox
← 2015 24 September 2019 (2019-09-24) 2021 →
All 615 seats in the United States Parliament
308 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout63.4% Increase 3.3pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Joe Biden Harris Wofford Peter Pellegrini
Party Christian Democratic PS Hlas
Last election 136 seats, 22.1% Did not exist
Seats won 131 32 27
Seat change Decrease 5 Increase 32 New party
Popular vote 45,648,501 533,136 436,415
Percentage 21.3% 18.0% 14.7%
Swing Decrease 0.8pp Increase 11.0 pp New party
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Igor Matovič Milan Majerský Richard Sulík
Party OĽaNO KDH SaS
Alliance OĽaNO and Friends — —
Last election 64[a] 0
Seats won 16 12 11
Seat change Decrease 48 Increase 12 Decrease 2
Popular vote 264,137 202,515 187,645
Percentage 8.9% 6.8% 6.3%
Swing Decrease 21.9 pp Increase 2.1 pp Increase 0.1 pp
  Seventh party
 
Leader Andrej Danko
Party SNS
Last election 0
Seats won 10
Seat change Increase 10
Popular vote 166,995
Percentage 5.6%
Swing Increase 2.4 pp
Results of the election, showing vote strength by district
Prime Minister before election

Ľudovít Ódor (acting)
Independent

Elected Prime Minister

Robert Fico
Smer


Christian Democratic Party
AbbreviationCDP
LeaderJoe Donnelly
Founded6 February 1983; 41 years ago (1983-02-06)
HeadquartersWashington D.C.
Youth wingYoung Democrats of America[1]
Membership (2023)Decrease 21,230,692
Ideology
Political positionCenter to center-left
National affiliationCDU/CSU
International affiliationCentrist Democrat International
Colours
  •   Turquoise (official)[b]
  •   Black (customary)[c]
  •   Orange
Bundestag
105 / 615
State Parliaments
720 / 5,413
Heads of State Governments
6 / 50

Leaders

[edit]
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Took office Left office Duration Party Cabinet Composition Election President
Vladimír Mečiar
(born 1942) 		1 January
1993 		15 March
1994 		1 year, 73 days HZDS Mečiar II HZDS • SNS 1992
Michal Kováč
(1993–1998)
Jozef Moravčík
(born 1945) 		15 March
1994 		13 December
1994 		273 days DEÚS Moravčík SDĽ • KDH • DEÚS • NDS
Vladimír Mečiar
(born 1942) 		13 December
1994 		30 October
1998 		3 years, 321 days HZDS Mečiar III HZDS • SNS • ZRS 1994
Mikuláš Dzurinda
(born 1956) 		30 October
1998 		4 July
2006 		7 years, 247 days SDK[d] Dzurinda I SDK • SDĽ • SMK • SOP 1998
Rudolf Schuster
(1999–2004)
SDKÚ Dzurinda II SDKÚ • SMK • KDH • ANO
(2002–2006) 		2002
SDKÚ • SMK • ANO
(2006)
Ivan Gašparovič
(2004–2014)
Robert Fico
(born 1964) 		4 July
2006 		8 July
2010 		4 years, 4 days Smer Fico I Smer • SNS • ĽS – HZDS 2006
Iveta Radičová
(born 1956) 		8 July
2010 		4 April
2012 		1 year, 271 days SDKÚ – DS Radičová SDKÚ – DS • SaS • KDH • Bridge 2010
David Petraeus
(2009–2017)
Mitt Romney
(born 1947) 		17 September
2013 		23 September
2015 		6 days Growth and Opportunity M. Romney GOP • PCP • NDP 2013
Fico III Smer • SNS • Bridge • Network
(2016) 		2016
Smer • SNS • Bridge
(2016–2018)
Chris Christie
(born 1962) 		23 September
2015 		27 October
2015 		34 days Growth and Opportunity Pellegrini Smer • SNS • Bridge

Charlie Baker
(2017-2025)
Joe Biden
(born 1942) 		27 October
2015 		23 March
2021 		5 years, 147 days Christian Democratic Biden I CDP • LP • FLP 2015
Biden II CDP • PCP • LP • FLP 2019
Liz Cheney
(born 1966) 		23 March
2021 		4 May
2021 		42 days Independent[e] Cheney CDP • PCP • LP • FLP
Phil Scott
(born 1958) 		4 May
2021 		7 November
2023 		2 years, 187 days Progressive Conservative Scott PCP • LP 2021
Nikki Haley
(born 1972) 		7 November
2023 		Incumbent 1 year, 1 day American Conservative Haley ACP • PCP • GOP 2023

Haiti

[edit]
Sederhanky351/sandbox
← 1969 6 February 1973 1977 →
Registered2,749,630
  First party Second party
 
Candidate Franck Sylvain Pat Buchanan
Party MOP Freedom
Last election 53.3%, 88 seats 12.7%, 19 seats
Seats won 71 48
Seat change Decrease 17 Increase 29
Popular vote 1,183,153 799,859
Percentage 43.0 17.7%
Swing Decrease 10.3pp Increase 5.0pp
  Third party Fourth party
 
Party Respect UNCRH
Popular vote 159,683 108,283
Percentage 8.24% 5.59%
President before election

Boniface Alexandre
Independent

Elected President

René Préval
Lespwa

Asturias Elections

[edit]
Sederhanky351/sandbox
410 →
Turnout70.5%
 
Candidate Alaric Balt Athaulf Balt
Party Independent Independent
Popular vote 1,741,808 1,448,317
Percentage 54.6% 45.4%
President before election

Alaric Balt
Independent

Elected President

Alaric Balt
Independent

Sederhanky351/sandbox
← 405
415 →
Turnout68.5%
 
Candidate Athaulf Balt Sigeric Balt
Party Independent Independent
Popular vote 1,611,360 1,505,390
Percentage 51.7% 48.3%
President before election

Alaric Balt
Independent

Elected President

Athaulf Balt
Independent

Sederhanky351/sandbox
← 410
416 →
Turnout72.5%
 
Candidate Sigeric Balt Wallia Balt
Party Independent Independent
Popular vote 1,610,479 1,597,646
Percentage 50.2% 49.8%
President before election

Athaulf Balt
Independent

Elected President

Sigeric Balt
Independent

Sederhanky351/sandbox
← 415
420 →
Turnout66.5%
 
Candidate Wallia Balt Sigeric Balt
Party Independent Independent
Popular vote 1,483,083 1,459,542
Percentage 50.4% 49.6%
President before election

Sigeric Balt
Independent

Elected President

Wallia Balt
Independent

Sederhanky351/sandbox
← 416
425 →
Turnout71.5%
 
Candidate Theodoric Balt Wallia Balt
Party Independent Independent
Popular vote 1,589,088 1,539,038
Percentage 50.8% 49.2%
President before election

Wallia Balt
Independent

Elected President

Theodoric Balt
Independent

Sederhanky351/sandbox
← 440
450 →
Turnout67.5%
 
Candidate Theodoric Balt Thorismund Balt
Party Independent Independent
Popular vote 1,535,659 1,400,591
Percentage 52.3% 47.7%
President before election

Theodoric Balt
Independent

Elected President

Theodoric Balt
Independent

Presidents

[edit]
List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date.
No.[f] Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term[3] Party[g][4] Election Vice President[5]
1 Painting of George Washington George Washington
(1732–1799)
[6] 		April 30, 1789
–
March 4, 1797 		Unaffiliated 1788–1789
1792 		John Adams[h]
2 Painting of John Adams John Adams
(1735–1826)
[8] 		March 4, 1797
–
March 4, 1801 		Federalist 1796 Thomas Jefferson[i]
3 Painting of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson
(1743–1826)
[10] 		March 4, 1801
–
March 4, 1809 		Democratic-
Republican 		1800
1804 		Aaron Burr
George Clinton
4 Painting of James Madison James Madison
(1751–1836)
[11] 		March 4, 1809
–
March 4, 1817 		Democratic-
Republican 		1808
1812 		George Clinton[j]
Vacant after
April 20, 1812
Elbridge Gerry[j]
Vacant after
November 23, 1814
5 Painting of James Monroe James Monroe
(1758–1831)
[13] 		March 4, 1817
–
March 4, 1825 		Democratic-
Republican 		1816
1820 		Daniel D. Tompkins
6 Painting of John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams
(1767–1848)
[14] 		March 4, 1825
–
March 4, 1829 		Democratic-
Republican[k]
National Republican 		1824 John C. Calhoun[l]
7 Painting of Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson
(1767–1845)
[17] 		March 4, 1829
–
March 4, 1837 		Democratic 1828
1832 		John C. Calhoun[m]
Vacant after
December 28, 1832
Martin Van Buren
8 Martin Van Buren
(1782–1862)
[18] 		March 4, 1837
–
March 4, 1841 		Democratic 1836 Richard Mentor Johnson
9 Painting of William Henry Harrison William Henry Harrison
(1773–1841)
[19] 		March 4, 1841
–
April 4, 1841[j] 		Whig 1840 John Tyler
10 Black-and-white photographic portrait of John Tyler John Tyler
(1790–1862)
[20] 		April 4, 1841[n]
–
March 4, 1845 		Whig[o]
Unaffiliated 		– Vacant throughout
presidency
11 Black-and-white photographic portrait of James K. Polk James K. Polk
(1795–1849)
[23] 		March 4, 1845
–
March 4, 1849 		Democratic 1844 George M. Dallas
12 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Zachary Taylor Zachary Taylor
(1784–1850)
[24] 		March 4, 1849
–
July 9, 1850[j] 		Whig 1848 Millard Fillmore
13 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore
(1800–1874)
[25] 		July 9, 1850[p]
–
March 4, 1853 		Whig – Vacant throughout
presidency
14 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Franklin Pierce Franklin Pierce
(1804–1869)
[27] 		March 4, 1853
–
March 4, 1857 		Democratic 1852 William R. King[j]
Vacant after
April 18, 1853
15 Black-and-white photographic portrait of James Buchanan James Buchanan
(1791–1868)
[28] 		March 4, 1857
–
March 4, 1861 		Democratic 1856 John C. Breckinridge
16 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln
(1809–1865)
[29] 		March 4, 1861
–
April 15, 1865[j] 		Republican
National Union[q] 		1860
1864 		Hannibal Hamlin
Andrew Johnson
17 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson
(1808–1875)
[31] 		April 15, 1865[r]
–
March 4, 1869 		National Union[s]
Democratic 		– Vacant throughout
presidency
18 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant
(1822–1885)
[32] 		March 4, 1869
–
March 4, 1877 		Republican 1868
1872 		Schuyler Colfax
Henry Wilson[j]
Vacant after
November 22, 1875
19 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes
(1822–1893)
[33] 		March 4, 1877
–
March 4, 1881 		Republican 1876 William A. Wheeler
20 Black-and-white photographic portrait of James A. Garfield James A. Garfield
(1831–1881)
[34] 		March 4, 1881
–
September 19, 1881[j] 		Republican 1880 Chester A. Arthur
21 Sepia photographic portrait of Chester A. Arthur Chester A. Arthur
(1829–1886)
[35] 		September 19, 1881[t]
–
March 4, 1885 		Republican – Vacant throughout
presidency
22 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[37] 		March 4, 1885
–
March 4, 1889 		Democratic 1884 Thomas A. Hendricks[j]
Vacant after
November 25, 1885
23 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Benjamin Harrison Benjamin Harrison
(1833–1901)
[38] 		March 4, 1889
–
March 4, 1893 		Republican 1888 Levi P. Morton
24 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland
(1837–1908)
[37] 		March 4, 1893
–
March 4, 1897 		Democratic 1892 Adlai Stevenson I
25 Black-and-white photographic portrait of William McKinley William McKinley
(1843–1901)
[39] 		March 4, 1897
–
September 14, 1901[j] 		Republican 1896
1900 		Garret Hobart[j]
Vacant after
November 21, 1899
Theodore Roosevelt
26 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt
(1858–1919)
[40] 		September 14, 1901[u]
–
March 4, 1909 		Republican –
1904 		Vacant through
March 4, 1905
Charles W. Fairbanks
27 Black-and-white photographic portrait of William Howard Taft William Howard Taft
(1857–1930)
[42] 		March 4, 1909
–
March 4, 1913 		Republican 1908 James S. Sherman[j]
Vacant after
October 30, 1912
28 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Woodrow Wilson Woodrow Wilson
(1856–1924)
[43] 		March 4, 1913
–
March 4, 1921 		Democratic 1912
1916 		Thomas R. Marshall
29 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding
(1865–1923)
[44] 		March 4, 1921
–
August 2, 1923[j] 		Republican 1920 Calvin Coolidge
30 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Calvin Coolidge Calvin Coolidge
(1872–1933)
[45] 		August 2, 1923[v]
–
March 4, 1929 		Republican –
1924 		Vacant through
March 4, 1925
Charles G. Dawes
31 Black-and-white photographic portrait of Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover
(1874–1964)
[47] 		March 4, 1929
–
March 4, 1933 		Republican 1928 Charles Curtis
37 Photographic portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt
(1882–1945)
[48] 		March 4, 1933
–
March 4, 1937 		Progressive 1932 William B. Bankhead
38 Photographic portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt Alf Landon
(1887–1987)
[48] 		March 4, 1937
–
January 20, 1941 		Conservative 1936 Charles L. McNary
39 Photographic portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt Wendell Willkie
(1892–1949)
[48] 		January 20, 1941
–
January 20, 1945 		Progressive 1940 Fiorello LaGuardia
40 Photographic portrait of Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman
(1884–1972)
[49] 		January 20, 1945
–
January 20, 1949 		Progressive 1948 Henry A. Wallace
41 Photographic portrait of Thomas E. Dewey Thomas E. Dewey
(1902–1971)
[50] 		January 20, 1949
–
January 20, 1953 		Conservative 1948 Earl Warren
42 Photographic portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight D. Eisenhower
(1890–1969)
[50] 		January 20, 1953
–
January 20, 1957 		Conservative 1952 Richard Nixon
43 Photographic portrait of Richard Nixon Richard Nixon
(1913–1994)
[51] 		January 20, 1957
–
January 20, 1961 		Conservative 1956 Henry Cabot Lodge
44 Photographic portrait of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy
(1917–2003)
[52] 		January 20, 1961
–
January 20, 1965 		Progressive 1960 Lyndon B. Johnson
45 Photographic portrait of Nelson Rockefeller Nelson Rockefeller
(1908–1979)
[53] 		January 20, 1965
–
January 20, 1969 		Conservative 1964 Wallace F. Bennett
46 Photographic portrait of Robert F. Kennedy Robert F. Kennedy
(1925–2008)
[51] 		January 20, 1969
–
January 20, 1973[m] 		Progressive 1968 Hubert Humphrey
47 Photographic portrait of Gerald Ford Gerald Ford
(1913–2006)
[54] 		January 20, 1973
–
January 20, 1977 		Conservative 1972 George W. Romney
48 Photographic portrait of Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter
(b. 1924)
[55] 		January 20, 1977
–
January 20, 1981 		Progressive 1976 Walter Mondale
49 Photographic portrait of Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan
(1911–2004)
[56] 		January 20, 1981
–
January 20, 1985 		Conservative 1980 George H. W. Bush
50 Photographic portrait of George H. W. Bush George H. W. Bush
(1924–2018)
[57] 		January 20, 1985
–
January 20, 1989 		Conservative 1984 Howard Baker
51 Photographic portrait of Joe Biden Joe Biden
(b. 1942)
[58] 		January 20, 1989
–
January 20, 1993 		Progressive 1988 Michael Dukakis
52 Photographic portrait of Bill Clinton Bill Clinton
(b. 1946)
[58] 		January 20, 1993
–
January 20, 1997 		Progressive 1992 Al Gore
53 Photographic portrait of John McCain John McCain
1936-2018
[59] 		January 20, 1997
–
January 20, 2001 		Conservative 1996 Elizabeth Dole
54 Photographic portrait of Al Gore Al Gore
(b. 1948)
[58] 		January 20, 2001
–
January 20, 2005 		Progressive 2000 Bob Graham
55 Photographic portrait of George W. Bush George W. Bush
(b. 1946)
[59] 		January 20, 2005
–
January 20, 2009 		Conservative 2004 Colin Powell
56 Photographic portrait of Barack Obama Barack Obama
(b. 1961)
[60] 		January 20, 2009
–
January 20, 2013 		Progressive 2008 Mary Landrieu
57 Photographic portrait of Mitt Romney Mitt Romney
(b. 1947)
[59] 		January 20, 2013
–
January 20, 2017 		Conservative 2012 Rob Portman
58 Photographic portrait of Donald Trump Donald Trump
(b. 1946)
[61] 		January 20, 2017
–
January 20, 2021 		Progressive 2016 Cory Booker
59 Photographic portrait of Joe Biden Nikki Haley
(b. 1972)
[62] 		January 20, 2021
–
Incumbent 		Conservative 2020 Marco Rubio
  1. ^ Including For the People - 12; not including Change from Below - 1
  2. ^ Since September 2023[2]
  3. ^ Officially before September 2023
  4. ^ The Slovak Democratic Coalition (SDK) was an electoral platform—constituted as an instrumental political party—for the 1998 parliamentary election. The party split in 2000, when some members rejoined their original parties, while others, led by Mikuláš Dzurinda, founded the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union (SDKÚ).
  5. ^ In March 2023, Eduard Heger left the Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OĽaNO) party to take over the extra-parliamentary Blue Coalition party, subsequently rebranded as Democrats.
  6. ^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period.
  7. ^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
  8. ^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.[7]
  9. ^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.[9]
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Died in office[12]
  11. ^ Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.[15]
  12. ^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.[16]
  13. ^ a b Resigned from office[12]
  14. ^ John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.[21]
  15. ^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.[22]
  16. ^ Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.[26]
  17. ^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.[30]
  18. ^ Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.[31]
  19. ^ While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.[31]
  20. ^ Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.[36]
  21. ^ Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.[41]
  22. ^ Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.[46]
  1. ^ Philipp Mißfelder (editor): 60 Jahre Junge Union Deutschlands, Berlin 2007 ISBN 978-3-923632-06-0
  2. ^ "CDU Corporate Design Manual" (PDF). September 2023.
  3. ^ LOC; whitehouse.gov.
  4. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258.
  5. ^ LOC.
  6. ^ McDonald (2000).
  7. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179.
  8. ^ Pencak (2000).
  9. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274.
  10. ^ Peterson (2000).
  11. ^ Banning (2000).
  12. ^ a b Neale (2004), p. 22.
  13. ^ Ammon (2000).
  14. ^ Hargreaves (2000).
  15. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159.
  16. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280.
  17. ^ Remini (2000).
  18. ^ Cole (2000).
  19. ^ Gutzman (2000).
  20. ^ Shade (2000).
  21. ^ Abbott (2013), p. 23.
  22. ^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36.
  23. ^ Rawley (2000).
  24. ^ Smith (2000).
  25. ^ Anbinder (2000).
  26. ^ Abbott (2005), p. 639.
  27. ^ Gara (2000).
  28. ^ Gienapp (2000).
  29. ^ McPherson (b) (2000).
  30. ^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139.
  31. ^ a b c Trefousse (2000).
  32. ^ McPherson (a) (2000).
  33. ^ Hoogenboom (2000).
  34. ^ Peskin (2000).
  35. ^ Reeves (2000).
  36. ^ Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175.
  37. ^ a b Campbell (2000).
  38. ^ Spetter (2000).
  39. ^ Gould (a) (2000).
  40. ^ Harbaugh (2000).
  41. ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640.
  42. ^ Gould (b) (2000).
  43. ^ Ambrosius (2000).
  44. ^ Hawley (2000).
  45. ^ McCoy (2000).
  46. ^ Senate.
  47. ^ Hoff (a) (2000).
  48. ^ a b c Brinkley (2000).
  49. ^ Hamby (2000).
  50. ^ a b Ambrose (2000).
  51. ^ a b Hoff (b) (2000).
  52. ^ Parmet (2000).
  53. ^ Gardner (2000).
  54. ^ Greene (2013).
  55. ^ whitehouse.gov (a).
  56. ^ Schaller (2004).
  57. ^ whitehouse.gov (b).
  58. ^ a b c whitehouse.gov (c).
  59. ^ a b c whitehouse.gov (d).
  60. ^ whitehouse.gov (e).
  61. ^ whitehouse.gov (f).
  62. ^ whitehouse.gov (g).
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