Disruption of the water cycle in Haiti
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In Haiti, the disruption of the water cycle remains a major environmental challenge, affecting biodiversity and the daily lives of the country's inhabitants. The problem has multiple causes, including the proliferation of shantytowns and the absence of a comprehensive urban development policy. Global warming is one of the main causes of this problem,[1] faced with one of the most disastrous economic, social and political situations on the planet, Haiti is unable to implement an urban development policy.[2] On the other hand, deforestation encourages natural disasters.[3] Thus, the disruption of the water cycle remains a lasting threat to the country's development.[4]
Hydrological context in Haiti
[edit]Located in the Caribbean, Haiti is exposed to a considerable ecological imbalance, characterized by catastrophic floods associated with torrential rains and hurricanes, devastating earthquakes, extreme climatic and meteorological variations that disrupt the water cycle. These problems are exacerbated by deforestation, soil degradation and unsustainable agricultural practices.[5] Climate change, pollution and deforestation are the main causes of water cycle disruption[6] in cities and slums. These causes include an increase in ocean water temperature, and a considerable reduction in the quantity of water available at groundwater level.[2]
Environmental impact
[edit]Climate change is often described as one of the most pressing environmental challenges we face worldwide.[7] Long-term changes in temperature and precipitation are often accompanied by heat waves and intense rainfall,[8] increasing the risk of flooding,[7] especially in Caribbean countries such as Haiti.
Floods, droughts and the degradation of aquatic ecosystems are examples of the effects of disruption of the water cycle.[9] Shortages of drinking water also aggravate public health problems.
Floods, torrential rains, droughts, changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation and water scarcity are just some of the consequences of these disturbances.[10] Important steps can be taken to reduce these disturbances, such as water conservation, protecting aquatic ecosystems, reducing pollution and promoting sustainable management of water resources, reforestation to preserve watersheds, improving agricultural techniques to reduce erosion, and adopting more efficient technologies for water management.
Climatic disturbances are also the cause of numerous infectious diseases, including vector-borne diseases transmitted by blood-sucking arthropods such as dengue fever, Zika, chikungunya and malaria.[7]
Climate change is often described as one of the most pressing environmental challenges challenges we face worldwide.
Long-term changes in temperature and precipitation are often accompanied by heat waves heat waves and intense rainfall, increasing the risk of flooding, particularly in countries Caribbean countries such as Haiti.[11]
Consequences
[edit]Disruption of the water cycle has a greater impact on physical ecosystems than temperature variations. ecosystems, which are sensitive to changes in hydro-climatic conditions. Precipitation intensity and physico-chemical water conditions at Lake Azuei in Haiti Azuei in Haiti can vary according to the natural abundance, composition and concentrations of concentrations of mineralogical elements in the sediments.[12]
Human activities such as agricultural practices and changes in land cover caused by deforestation caused by deforestation have modified the land around Lake Azuei.[13]
Floods, droughts and the degradation of aquatic ecosystems are examples of the effects disruption of the water cycle.[14] The shortage of drinking water also aggravates public health problems.
Floods, torrential rains, droughts, changes in the frequency and intensity of precipitation and water scarcity are just some of the consequences of these changes and intensity of precipitation and water scarcity are just some of the consequences of these disruptions disturbances.[10]
In addition, important measures can be taken to reduce these disturbances, such as water conservation, protection of aquatic ecosystems, reduction of pollution and promotion of sustainable management of water resources, reforestation to preserve watersheds, improved watersheds, improving agricultural techniques to reduce erosion and adopting more efficient technologies for water management.
References
[edit]- ^ "4.3.17. APD totale dans le secteur de l'eau & 4.3.18. 10 premiers bénéficiaires en 2005 & 4.3.19. APD dans le secteur de l'eau par sous-secteur en 2005 & 4.3.20. Engagements d'APD dans le secteur de l'eau". doi:10.1787/413545541481. Retrieved 1 May 2024.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b Jérôme, Yolette; Emmanuel, Evens; Saffache, Pascal (31 March 2021). "Global water governance and water rights through the prism of Canaan, a slum apart in Haiti". Aqua-LAC. 13 (1): 34–44. doi:10.29104/phi-aqualac/2021-v13-1-03.
- ^ Schmitt, Anne; Renaud, Jean-Nicolas (30 June 2015). "Un héroïsme républicain". Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest. 122–2 (122–2): 99–117. doi:10.4000/abpo.3064. ISSN 0399-0826.
- ^ "Haiti earthquake devastation partly caused by deforestation". Physics Today (3). 2010. doi:10.1063/pt.5.024165. ISSN 1945-0699.
- ^ Fayazi, Mahmood; Bornstein, Lisa (2021), "The links between vulnerability, poverty, and natural hazards: A focus on the impacts of globalization trends", Enhancing Disaster Preparedness, Elsevier, pp. 259–272, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819078-4.00014-9, ISBN 978-0-12-819078-4, retrieved 1 May 2024
- ^ Emmanuel, Evens (23 March 2007). Faire face à la pénurie d'eau. Université Quisqueya. doi:10.54226/uniq.socenv.35525_c0 (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-99935-693-5-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ a b c Balthazard-Accou, Ketty; François Millien, Max; Michel, Daphnée; Jean, Gaston; Telcy, David; Emmanuel, Evens (15 December 2021), Otsuki, Takemi (ed.), "Vector-Borne Diseases and Climate Change in the Environmental Context in Haiti", Environmental Health, IntechOpen, doi:10.5772/intechopen.96037, ISBN 978-1-83968-720-4, retrieved 1 May 2024
- ^ Kornei, Katherine (21 May 2020). "As the Planet Warms, Intense Storms Become More Common". Eos. 101. doi:10.1029/2020EO144483. ISSN 2324-9250.
- ^ "Introduction", Impact of Climate Change on Water and Health, CRC Press, pp. 3–29, 18 December 2012, doi:10.1201/b14323-3 (inactive 4 November 2024), ISBN 978-1-4665-7749-7, retrieved 1 May 2024
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ a b Jérôme, Yolette; Alexis, Magline; Telcy, David; Saffache, Pascal; Emmanuel, Evens (15 December 2021), Otsuki, Takemi (ed.), "The Challenge of Water in the Sanitary Conditions of the Populations Living in the Slums of Port-au-Prince: The Case of Canaan", Environmental Health, IntechOpen, doi:10.5772/intechopen.96321, ISBN 978-1-83968-720-4, retrieved 1 May 2024
- ^ Apply, Ammcise; Corbet, Alice; Déroy, Julien; Raymond, Lucainson; Emmanuel, Evens (15 August 2022). "Représentations sociales du stress chez des déplacés climatiques du quartier Nan Orèl, Nord-Ouest d'Haïti". Études caribéennes (in French) (52). doi:10.4000/etudescaribeennes.24487. ISSN 1779-0980.
- ^ Noncent, David; Sifeddine, Abdelfettah; Emmanuel, Evens; Cormier, Marie-Helene; Briceño-Zuluaga, Francisco J; Mendez-Millan, Mercedes; Turcq, Bruno; Caquineau, Sandrine; Valdés, Jorge; Bernal, Juan Pablo; King, John W; Djouraev, Irina; Cetin, Fethiye; Sloan, Heather (July 2023). "Hydroclimate reconstruction during the last 1000 years inferred from the mineralogical and geochemical composition of a sediment core from Lake-Azuei (Haiti)". The Holocene. 33 (7): 816–826. Bibcode:2023Holoc..33..816N. doi:10.1177/09596836231163512. ISSN 0959-6836.
- ^ Noncent, David; Sifeddine, Abdelfettah; Emmanuel, Evens; Cormier, Marie-Helene; Briceño-Zuluaga, Francisco J.; Valdés, Jorge; Mendez-Millan, Mercedes; Turcq, Bruno; Bernal, Juan Pablo (December 2023). "A 1000-year record of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment change inferred from sedimentary organic matter in Lake Azuei, Haiti". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 632: 111845. Bibcode:2023PPP...63211845N. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111845. ISSN 0031-0182.
- ^ Soubeyroux, Jean-Michel (25 October 2023). "L'impact du changement climatique sur le cycle de l'eau à partir du nouveau portail DRIAS-Eau". Annales des Mines – Responsabilité et environnement. 112 (4): 13–17. doi:10.3917/re1.112.0013. ISSN 1268-4783.
