Kinki proportional representation block
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Kinki Proportional Representation Block | |
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Parliamentary constituency for the Japanese House of Representatives | |
Prefecture | Osaka, Kyoto, Hyōgo, Shiga, Nara, Wakayama |
Electorate | 17,065,464 |
Current constituency | |
Created | 1994 |
Seats | 28 |
Representatives | 28(LDP-10, LDP-8, Kōmeitō-3, CDP-3, DPFP-1, Reiwa-1) |
Kinki Proportional Representation Block is one of the 11 proportional representation blocks in the House of Representatives in Japan.
Summary
[edit]Kinki is usually defined as comprising the following regions: Osaka Prefecture, Hyōgo Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture, and Mie Prefecture. While Wakayama is in the Kinki proportional representation block, Mie is in the Tōkai proportional representation block.
With a population of 20.7 million people and 28 seats, this is the largest proportional block in terms of population and seats in Japan. Since this is the block with the most seats, the "winning range" of votes here is lower than that in other blocks. However, political groups that meet the requirements of the Public Offices Election Law must field more candidates than 10% of the number of seats.
Area
[edit]Shiga Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Osaka Prefecture, Hyōgo Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture
MPs elected
[edit]The D'Hondt method is used to allocate seats.
選挙回 | 1996 | 2000 | 2003 | 2005 | 2009 | 2012 | 2014 | 2017 | 2021 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
#1 | Yasuko Ikenobō (New Frontier) |
Sanae Takaichi (LDP) |
Kazuya Tamaki (DPJ) |
Mitsue Kondo (LDP) |
Takanori Ohnishi (DPJ) |
Hideo Higashikokubaru →Koichiro Shimizu (Restoration) |
Takashi Nagao (LDP) |
Shinsuke Ono (LDP) |
Kee Miki (Ishin) |
#2 | Ryotaro Tanose (LDP) |
Kazunori Yamanoi (DPJ) |
Takuji Yanagimoto (LDP) |
Shingo Nishimura (DPJ) |
Mitsue Kondo (LDP) |
Hirofumi Kado (LDP) |
Sakihito Ozawa (Innovation) |
Natsue Mori (Ishin) |
Shinsuke Okuno (LDP) |
#3 | Mitsuo Higashinaka (JCP) |
Yasuko Ikenobo (Kōmeitō) |
Hajime Ishii (DPJ) |
Nobuko Iwaki (LDP) |
Mai Ohara (DPJ) |
Shingo Nishimura (Restoration) |
Yuzuru Takeuchi (Kōmeitō) |
Hiroyuki Moriyama (CDP) |
Yuichiro Wada (Ishin) |
#4 | Mikio Omi (New Frontier) |
Keiji Kokuta (JCP) |
Yasuko Ikenobo (Kōmeitō) |
Yasuko Ikenobo (Kōmeitō) |
Kimiyoshi Tamaki (DPJ) |
Yuzuru Takeuchi (Kōmeitō) |
Hiroyuki Ōnishi (LDP) |
Noboru Kamitani (LDP) |
Akira Yanagimoto (LDP) |
#5 | Shigehiko Okuyama (LDP) |
Takuji Yanagimoto (LDP) |
Masahiro Morioka (LDP) |
Takeaki Matsumoto (DPJ) |
Yasuko Ikenobo (Kōmeitō) |
Kenta Izumi (DPJ) |
Yasushi Adachi (Innovation) |
Yuzuru Takeuchi (Kōmeitō) |
Yuzuru Takeuchi (Kōmeitō) |
#6 | Satoru Ienishi (Democratic) |
Tsutomu Yamamoto (DPJ) |
Yasuhiro Kajiwara (DPJ) |
Takuji Yanagimoto (LDP) |
Takui Yanagimoto (LDP) |
Naokazu Takemoto (LDP) |
Keiji Kokuta (JCP) |
Shinji Tarutoko →Sumio Mabuchi (Kibō) |
Shū Sakurai (CDP) |
#7 | Tetsushi Kubo (New Frontier) |
Shingo Nishimura (Liberal) |
Ikuko Ishii (JCP) |
Keiro Kitagami (DPJ) |
Hideko Muroi (DPJ) |
Naoto Sakaguchi (Restoration) |
Kenta Izumi →Yoshiro Kitagami (DPJ) |
Yukari Sato (LDP) |
Hiroki Sumiyoshi (Ishin) |
#8 | Keisuke Sunada (LDP) |
Tomoko Nakagawa (SDP) |
Yuriko Koike (LDP) |
Ikuko Ishii (JCP) |
Keiji Kokuta (JCP) |
Yasuhide Nakayama (LDP) |
Noboru Kamitani (LDP) |
Keiji Kokuta (JCP) |
Masaki Ōgushi (LDP) |
#9 | Keiji Kokuta (JCP) |
Nishi Hiroyoshi (Kōmeitō) |
Fusaho Izumi (DPJ) |
Osamu Uno (LDP) |
Sadatoshi Kumagai (DPJ) |
Kee Miki (Restoration) |
Tomohiko Kinoshita (Innovation) |
Hidetaka Inoue (Ishin) |
Kenji Horii (Ishin) |
#10 | Masao Akamatsu (New Frontier) |
Ikuko Ishii (JCP) |
Masao Akamatsu (Kōmeitō) |
Masao Akamatsu (Kōmeitō) |
Sanae Takaichi (LDP) |
Keiji Kokuta (JCP) |
Tomoko Ukishima (Kōmeitō) |
Shū Sakurai (CDP) |
Keiji Kokuta (JCP) |
#11 | Makoto Mekata (LDP) |
Yoshihide Sakagami (LDP) |
Tomokatsu Kitagawa (LDP) |
Koichiro Shimizu (LDP) |
Hiroshi Hamamoto (DPJ) |
Nobuhiko Isaka (Your Party) |
Hiroshi Andō (LDP) |
Yayoi Kimura (LDP) |
Sachiko Horiba (Ishin) |
#12 | Miyoko Hida (Democratic) |
Setsuya Kagita (DPJ) |
Tenzo Okumura (DPJ) |
Tatsui Kawabata (DPJ) |
Nishi Hiroyoshi (Kōmeitō) |
Tomoko Ukishima (Kōmeitō) |
Hirofumi Yoshimura → Tamotsu Shiiki(Innovation) |
Tomoko Ukishima (Kōmeitō) |
Shigeki Kobayashi (LDP) |
#13 | Kiyomi Tsujimoto (SDP) |
Akira Nishino (LDP) |
Tetsuo Inami (DPJ) |
Tomohiro Yamamoto (LDP) |
Yoshihiko Watanabe (DPJ) |
Hiroshi Miyake (Restoration) |
Takeshi Miyamoto (JCP) |
Shōhei Okashita (LDP) |
Tomoko Ukishima (Kōmeitō) |
#14 | Hiroyoshi Nishi (New Frontier) |
Satoru Ienishi (DPJ) |
Takeshi Nishida (LDP) |
Kiyomi Tsujimoto (SDP) |
Naokazu Takemoto (LDP) |
Taizō Mikazuki →Tatsuo Kawabata (DPJ) |
Tatsuo Kawabata (DPJ) |
Takashi Tanihata → Teruo Minobe(Ishin) |
Hiroyuki Moriyama (CDP) |
#15 | Ikuko Ishii (JCP) |
Yasuhide Yamana (Kōmeitō) |
Nishi Hiroyoshi (Kōmeitō) |
Ryuichi Doi (DPJ) |
Mitsuei Kawakami →Vacant[注 1] (DPJ) |
Takashi Ōtsuka (LDP) |
Tom Tanigawa (LDP) |
Kazunori Inoue (Kibō) |
Ryota Endo (Ishin) |
#16 | Takashi Tanihata (LDP) |
Hidekatsu Yoshii (JCP) |
Keiji Kokuta (JCP) |
Kyoko Izawa (LDP) |
Hidekatsu Yoshii (JCP) |
Sayuri Uenishi (Restoration) |
Yasuto Urano (Innovation) |
Fumiyoshi Murakami (CDP) |
Hideyuki Tanaka (LDP) |
#17 | Takashi Yamamoto (New Frontier) |
Susumu Shiota (Liberal) |
Yoshikazu Tarui (DPJ) |
Shigeki Sato (Kōmeitō) |
Hirotaka Matsuoka (DPJ) |
Fumiyoshi Murakami (Tomorrow) |
Naoya Higuchi (Kōmeitō) |
Tom Tanigawa (LDP) |
Yuichirō Ichitani (Ishin) |
#18 | Takuji Yanagimoto (LDP) |
Okutani Toru →Tomokatsu Kitagawa (LDP) |
Yasuhide Nakayama (LDP) |
Keiji Kokuta (JCP) |
Masatoshi Ishida (LDP) |
Hiroshi Andō (LDP) |
Shōhei Okashita (LDP) |
Takeshi Miyamoto → Tadashi Shimizu(JCP) |
Kōichi Munekiyo (LDP) |
#19 | Issei Inoue (Democratic) |
Miyoko Hida (DPJ) |
Kunihiko Muroi (DPJ) |
Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi (DPJ) |
Shigeki Sato (Kōmeitō) |
Yuka Hayashibara (Restoration) |
Sayuri Uenishi (Innovation) |
Susumu Hamamura (Kōmeitō) |
Kiyoshige Maekawa (Ishin) |
#20 | Sumi Fujita (JCP) |
Renko Kitagawa (SDP) |
Osamu Konishi (LDP) |
Chubee Kagita →Yasuji Izumihara (LDP) |
Juntaro Toyoda (DPJ) |
Naoya Higuchi (Kōmeitō) |
Tadashi Shimizu (JCP) |
Yasushi Adachi (Ishin) |
Yoko Wanibuchi (Kōmeitō) |
#21 | Shigeki Sato (New Frontier) |
Tetsushi Kubo →Shigeki Sato (Kōmeitō) |
Shigeki Sato (Kōmeitō) |
Koichiro Ichimura (DPJ) |
Kenta Matsunami (LDP) |
Kiyomi Tsujimoto (DPJ) |
Hirofumi Kado (LDP) |
Hirofumi Kado (LDP) |
Takeshi Miyamoto (JCP) |
#22 | Yoshihide Sakagami (LDP) |
Yoko Fujiki (JCP) |
Osamu Nakagawa (DPJ) |
Kenshiro Matsunami (LDP) |
Shunichi Higuchi (DPJ) |
Shigeki Kobayashi (LDP) |
Issei Tajima (DPJ) |
Kanako Otsuji (CDP) |
Hisashi Tokunaga (CDP) |
#23 | Osamu Yoshida (New Frontier) |
Shonosuke Hayashi (LDP) |
Takako Doi (SDP) |
Makoto Taki (New Party) |
Ryoichi Hattori (SDP) |
Hiroki Iwanaga (Restoration) |
Kenta Matsunami (Innovation) |
Kazuhide Ōkuma (LDP) |
Kōtarō Ikehada (Ishin) |
#24 | Kenzaburo Hara (LDP) |
Kazuya Tamaki (DPJ) |
Osamu Uno (LDP) |
Nishi Hiroyoshi (Kōmeitō) |
Bunmei Ibuki (LDP) |
Takeshi Miyamoto (JCP) |
Susumu Hamamura (Kōmeitō) |
Yasuto Urano (Ishin) |
Masahito Moriyama (LDP) |
#25 | Tsuji Daiichi (JCP) |
Keisuke Sunada (LDP) |
Ken Kishimoto (DPJ) |
Yuji Fujii (LDP) |
Yuzuru Takeuchi (Kōmeitō) |
Hideto Shinbara (Restoration) |
Kazuhide Ōkuma (LDP) |
Kazunori Yamanoi (Kibō) |
Masayuki Akagi (Ishin) |
#26 | Seiji Maehara (Democratic) |
Tetsuji Nakamura (DPJ) |
Hidekatsu Yoshii (JCP) |
Osamu Fujimura (DPJ) |
Takeshi Miyamoto (JCP) |
Kenji Harada (LDP) |
Nobuhisa Itō (Innovation) |
Yoko Wanibuchi (Kōmeitō) |
Alex Saitō (DPFP) |
#27 | Setsuya Kagita (New Frontier) |
Masao Akamatsu (Kōmeitō) |
Yasuhide Yamana (Kōmeitō) |
Takashi Yano (LDP) |
Koichi Tani (LDP) |
Mitsunari Hatanaka (Your Party) |
Masahito Moriyama (LDP) |
Mamoru Shigemoto (LDP) |
Tom Tanigawa (LDP) |
#28 | Minoru Noda →Okutani Tōru (LDP) |
Ikko Nakatsuka (Liberal) |
Makoto Taki (LDP) |
Okumura Tenzo (DPJ) |
Masao Akamatsu (Kōmeitō) |
Susumu Hamamura (Kōmeitō) |
Terufumi Horiuchi (JCP) |
Hideki Nagao (CDP) |
Akiko Oishi (Reiwa) |
#29 | Tomoko Nakagawa (SDP) |
Motoo Ohata (JCP) |
Megumi Tsuji (DPJ) |
Hidekatsu Yoshii
(JCP) |
Takashi Tanihata (LDP) |
Mio Sugita (Innovation) |
Hirofumi Hirano (DPJ) |
||
#30 | Kyokudōzan Kazuyasu (New Frontier) |
Yuki Ueda (SDP) |
|||||||
#31 | Yoko Fujiki (JCP) |
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#32 | Masaki Nakayama (LDP) | ||||||||
#33 | Tsutomu Yamamoto (Democratic) |
Results
[edit]49th General Election (2021)
[edit]Rank | Party | Discriminant | Name | Order on party list | Electorate | Narrow loss ratio | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ishin | 1 | Kee Miki | 1 | Hyōgo 7th | 98.3% | |
2 | LDP | 1 | Shinsuke Okuno | 1 | N/A | - | |
3 | Ishin | 2 | Yuichiro Wada | 1 | Hyōgo 3rd | 86.3% | |
4 | LDP | 2 | Akira Yanagimoto | 2 | N/A | - | |
5 | Kōmeitō | 1 | Yuzuru Takeuchi | 1 | N/A | - | |
6 | CDP | 1 | Shū Sakurai | 1 | Hyōgo 6th | 86.3% | |
7 | Ishin | 3 | Hiroki Sumiyoshi | 1 | Hyōgo 11th | 84.1% | |
8 | LDP | 3 | Masaki Ōgushi | 3 | Hyōgo 6th | 97.6% | |
9 | Ishin | 4 | Kenji Horii | 1 | Hyōgo 10th | 73.2% | |
10 | JCP | 1 | Keiji Kokuta | 1 | Kyoto 1st | 75.6% | |
11 | Ishin | 5 | Sachiko Horiba | 1 | Kyoto 1st | 71.9% | |
12 | LDP | 4 | Shigeki Kobayashi | 3 | Nara 1st | 89.9% | |
13 | Kōmeitō | 2 | Tomoko Ukishima | 2 | N/A | - | |
14 | CDP | 2 | Hiroyuki Moriyama | 1 | Osaka 16th | 85.8% | |
15 | Ishin | 6 | Ryota Endo | 1 | Hyōgo 5th | 69.4% | |
16 | LDP | 5 | Hideyuki Tanaka | 3 | Kyoto 4th | 83.9% | |
17 | Ishin | 7 | Yuichirō Ichitani | 1 | Hyōgo 1st | 67.6% | |
18 | LDP | 6 | Kōichi Munekiyo | 3 | Osaka 13th | 83.7% | |
19 | Ishin | 8 | Kiyoshige Maekawa | 1 | Nara 1st | 66.6% | |
20 | Kōmeitō | 3 | Yoko Wanibuchi | 3 | N/A | - | |
21 | JCP | 2 | Takeshi Miyamoto | 2 | Osaka 5th | 45.2% | |
22 | CDP | 3 | Hisashi Tokunaga | 1 | Shiga 4th | 83.1% | |
23 | Ishin | 9 | Kōtarō Ikehada | 1 | Hyōgo 12th | 54.5% | |
24 | LDP | 7 | Masahito Moriyama | 3 | Hyōgo 1st | 81.6% | |
25 | Ishin | 10 | Masayuki Akagi | 1 | Hyōgo 4th | 52.4% | |
26 | DPFP | 1 | Alex Saito | 1 | Shiga 1st | 86.2% | |
27 | LDP | 8 | Tom Tanigawa | 3 | Osaka 19th | 76.3% | |
28 | Reiwa | 1 | Akiko Oishi | 1 | Osaka 5th | 32.1% |
48th General Election (2017)
[edit]Party | Discriminant | Name | Order on Party List | Electorate | Narrow loss ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | LDP | 1 | Shinsuke Okuno | 1 | N/A | - | |
2 | Ishin | 1 | Natsue Mori | 1 | Kyoto 3rd | 26.2% | |
3 | CDP | 1 | Hiroyuki Moriyama | 1 | Osaka 16th | 85.0% | |
4 | LDP | 2 | Noboru Kamitani | 2 | Osaka 18th | 92.1% | |
5 | Kōmeitō | 1 | Yuzuru Takeuchi | 1 | N/A | - | |
6 | Kibō | 1 | - | ||||
Sumio Mabuchi | 3 | Nara 1st | 97.3% | ||||
7 | LDP | 3 | Yukari Sato | 2 | Osaka 11th | 91.0% | |
8 | JCP | 1 | Keiji Kokuta | 1 | Kyōto 1st | 70.2% | |
9 | Ishin | 2 | Hidetaka Inoue | 2 | Osaka 1st | 98.1% | |
10 | CDP | 2 | Shū Sakurai | 1 | Hyōgo 6th | 74.6% | |
11 | LDP | 4 | Yayoi Kimura | 2 | Kyoto 3rd | 89.7% | |
12 | Kōmeitō | 2 | Tomoko Ukishima | 2 | N/A | - | |
13 | LDP | 5 | Shōhei Okashita | 2 | Osaka 17th | 89.4% | |
14 | Ishin | 3 | |||||
Teruo Minobe | 2 | Osaka 4th | 90.4% | ||||
15 | Kibō | 2 | Kazunori Inoue | 2 | Kyōto 5th | 32.4% | |
16 | CDP | 3 | Fumiyoshi Murakami | 1 | Osaka 6th | 63.9% | |
17 | LDP | 6 | Tom Tanigawa | 2 | Osaka 19th | 86.6% | |
18 | JCP | 2 | - | ||||
Tadashi Shimizu | 3 | Osaka 4th | 46.0% | ||||
19 | Kōmeitō | 3 | Susumu Hamamura | 3 | N/A | - | |
20 | Ishin | 4 | Yasushi Adachi | 2 | Osaka 9th | 97.8% | |
21 | LDP | 7 | Hirofumi Kado | 2 | Wakayama 1st | 78.7% | |
22 | CDP | 4 | Kanako Ostuji | 1 | Osaka 2nd | 52.5% | |
23 | LDP | 8 | Kazuhide Ōkuma | 2 | Osaka 10th | 74.5% | |
24 | Ishin | 5 | Yasuto Urano | 2 | Osaka 15th | 90.7% | |
25 | Kibō | 3 | Kazunori Yamanoi | 3 | Kyōto 6th | 98.3% | |
26 | Kōmeitō | 4 | Yoko Wanibuchi | 4 | N/A | - | |
27 | LDP | 9 | Mamoru Shigemoto | 2 | Kyōto 2nd | 61.6% | |
28 | CDP | 5 | Hideki Nagao | 1 | Osaka 5th | 49.5% |
- The number of seats were reduced from 29 to 28
- Shinji Tarutoko resigned and ran in the by-election for Osaka 12th district (lost), and Sumio Mabuchi was drafted as a replacement (February 5, 2019)
- Takeshi Miyamoto resigned and ran in the by-election for Osaka 12th district (lost), and Tadashi Shimizu replaced him. (April 17, 2019)
- Takashi Tanihata resigned and was replaced by Akio Minobu. (April 16, 2020)
47th General Election (2014)
[edit]Party | Discriminant | Name | Order on Party List | Electorate | Narrow loss ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | LDP | 1 | Takashi Nagao | 1 | Osaka 14th | 97.7% | |
2 | Innovation | 1 | Sakihito Ozawa | 1 | N/A | - | |
3 | Kōmeitō | 1 | Yuzuru Takeuchi | 1 | N/A | - | |
4 | LDP | 2 | Hiroyuki Ōnishi | 1 | Osaka 1st | 95.5% | |
5 | Innovation | 2 | Yasushi Adachi | 2 | Osaka 9th | 95.5% | |
6 | JCP | 1 | Keiji Kokuta | 1 | Kyōto 1st | 72.4% | |
7 | DPJ | 1 | |||||
Yoshiro Kitagami | 1 | Kyōto 4th | 77.4% | ||||
8 | LDP | 3 | Noboru Kamitani | 1 | Osaka 18th | 93.0% | |
9 | Innovation | 3 | Tomohiko Kinoshita | 2 | Osaka 8th | 93.2% | |
10 | Kōmeitō | 2 | Tomoko Ukishima | 2 | N/A | - | |
11 | LDP | 4 | Hiroshi Andō | 1 | Kyōto 6th | 92.8% | |
12 | Innovation | 4 | |||||
Tamotsu Shiiki | 2 | Osaka 2nd | 71.5% | ||||
13 | JCP | 2 | Takeshi Miyamoto | 2 | N/A | - | |
14 | DPJ | 2 | Tatsuo Kawabata | 1 | Shiga 1st | 88.5% | |
15 | LDP | 5 | Tom Tanigawa | 1 | Osaka 19th | 91.2% | |
16 | Innovation | 5 | Yasuto Urano | 2 | Osaka 15th | 86.3% | |
17 | Kōmeitō | 3 | Naoya Higuchi | 3 | N/A | - | |
18 | LDP | 6 | Shōhei Okashita | 1 | Osaka 17th | 90.0% | |
19 | Innovation | 6 | Sayuri Uenishi | 2 | Osaka 7th | 83.4% | |
20 | JCP | 3 | Tadashi Shimizu | 3 | Osaka 4th | 38.1% | |
21 | LDP | 7 | Hirofumi Kado | 1 | Wakayama 1st | 88.4% | |
22 | DPJ | 3 | Issei Tajima | 1 | Shiga 2nd | 83.0% | |
23 | Innovation | 7 | Kenta Matsunami | 2 | Osaka 10th | 81.8% | |
24 | Kōmeitō | 4 | Susumu Hamamura | 4 | N/A | - | |
25 | LDP | 8 | Kazuhide Ōkuma | 1 | Osaka 10th | 86.1% | |
26 | Innovation | 8 | Nobuhisa Itō | 2 | Osaka 11th | 78.8% | |
27 | LDP | 9 | Masahito Moriyama | 1 | Hyōgo 1st | 85.8% | |
28 | JCP | 4 | Terufumi Horiuchi | 4 | N/A | - | |
29 | DPJ | 4 | Hirofumi Hirano | 1 | Osaka 11th | 82.8% |
- Hirofumi Yoshimura won the Osaka mayoral election and won. He was replaced by Tamotsu Shiiki (October 9, 2015)
- Kenta Izumi won the by-election for Kyoto 3rd district in the House of Representatives and resigned after. Yoshiro Kitagamireplaced him as the deputy for the PR block (April 21, 2016)
46th General Election (2012)
[edit]Party | Discriminant | Name | Order on Party List | Electorate | Narrow loss ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Restoration | 1 | |||||
Koichiro Shimizu | 12 | Kyoto 6th | 77.7% | ||||
2 | LDP | 1 | Hirofumi Kado | 1 | Wakayama 1st | 99.5% | |
3 | Ishin | 2 | Shingo Nishimura | 2 | N/A | - | |
4 | Kōmeitō | 1 | Yuzuru Takeuchi | 1 | N/A | - | |
5 | DPJ | 1 | Kenta Izumi | 1 | Kyoto 3rd | 99.6% | |
6 | LDP | 2 | Naokazu Takemoto | 1 | Osaka 15th | 96.3% | |
7 | Restoration | 3 | Naoto Sakaguchi | 3 | Wakayama 2nd | 49.4% | |
8 | LDP | 3 | Yasuhide Nakayama | 1 | Osaka 4th | 94.1% | |
9 | Restoration | 4 | Kee Miki | 3 | Hyōgo 5th | 49.1% | |
10 | JCP | 1 | Keiji Kokuta | 1 | Kyōto 1st | 59.6% | |
11 | Your Party | 1 | Nobuhiko Isaka | 1 | Hyōgo 1st | 96.3% | |
12 | Kōmeitō | 2 | Tomoko Ukishima | 2 | N/A | - | |
13 | Restoration | 5 | Hiroshi Miyake | 11 | N/A | - | |
14 | DPJ | 2 | |||||
Tatsuo Kawabata | 1 | Shiga 1st | 90.5% | ||||
15 | LDP | 4 | Takashi Ōtsuka | 1 | Osaka 8th | 92.9% | |
16 | Restoration | 6 | Sayuri Uenishi | 12 | Osaka 7th | 89.3% | |
17 | Tomorrow | 1 | Fumiyoshi Murakami | 1 | Osaka 6th | 38.1% | |
18 | LDP | 5 | Hiroshi Andō | 1 | Kyōto 6th | 90.3% | |
19 | Restoration | 7 | Yuka Hayashibara | 12 | Osaka 2nd | 85.6% | |
20 | Kōmeitō | 3 | Naoya Higuchi | 3 | N/A | - | |
21 | DPJ | 3 | Kiyomi Tsujimoto | 1 | Osaka 10th | 91.9% | |
22 | LDP | 6 | Shigeki Kobayashi | 1 | Nara 1st | 88.8% | |
23 | Restoration | 8 | Hiroki Iwanaga | 12 | Shiga 4th | 83.6% | |
24 | JCP | 2 | Takeshi Miyamoto | 2 | N/A | - | |
25 | Restoration | 9 | Hideto Shinbara | 12 | Hyōgo 3rd | 82.2% | |
26 | LDP | 7 | Kenji Harada | 1 | Osaka 9th | 86.2% | |
27 | Your Party | 2 | Mitsunari Hatanaka | 1 | Hyōgo 7th | 76.5% | |
28 | Kōmeitō | 4 | Susumu Hamamura | 4 | N/A | - | |
29 | Restoration | 10 | Mio Sugita | 12 | Hyōgo 6th | 79.2% |
- Hideo Higashikokubaru resigned as MP on 26 December 2013 and was replaced byKoichiro Shimizu.
- Taizō Mikazuki won the 2014 Shiga gubernatorial election and resigned as MP. He was replaced by Tatsuo Kawabata as MP on May 15, 2014.
45th General Election (2009)
[edit]Party | Discriminant | Name | Order on Party List | Electorate | Narrow loss ratio | 歴 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DPJ | 1 | Takanori Ohnishi | 1 | Nara 4th | 98.1% | 新 | |
2 | LDP | 1 | Mitsue Kondo | 1 | N/A | - | 前 | |
3 | DPJ | 2 | Mai Ohara | 1 | Kyōto 5th | 92.0% | 新 | |
4 | DPJ | 3 | Kimiyoshi Tamaki | 1 | Wakayama 3rd | 87.3% | 新 | |
5 | Kōmeitō | 1 | Yasuko Ikenobō | 1 | N/A | - | 前 | |
6 | LDP | 2 | Takuji Yanagimoto | 2 | N/A | - | 前 | |
7 | DPJ | 4 | Hideko Muroi | 45 | N/A | - | 新 | |
8 | JCP | 1 | Keiji Kokuta | 1 | Kyōto 1st | 51.6% | 前 | |
9 | DPJ | 5 | Sadatoshi Kumagai | 46 | N/A | - | 新 | |
10 | LDP | 3 | Sanae Takaichi | 3 | Nara 2nd | 96.1% | 前 | |
11 | DPJ | 6 | Hiroshi Hamamoto | 47 | N/A | - | 新 | |
12 | Kōmeitō | 2 | Hiroyoshi Nishi | 2 | N/A | - | 前 | |
13 | DPJ | 7 | Yoshihiko Watanabe | 48 | N/A | - | 新 | |
14 | LDP | 4 | Naokazu Takemoto | 3 | Osaka 15th | 87.3% | 前 | |
- | ||||||||
16 | JCP | 2 | Hidekatsu Yoshii | 2 | Osaka 13th | 42.4% | 前 | |
17 | DPJ | 9 | Hirotaka Matsuoka | 50 | N/A | - | 新 | |
18 | LDP | 5 | Masatoshi Ishida | 3 | Wakayama 2nd | 79.2% | 前 | |
19 | Kōmeitō | 3 | Shigeki Sato | 3 | N/A | - | 前 | |
20 | DPJ | 10 | Juntaro Toyoda | 51 | N/A | - | 元 | |
(21) | Your Party | (1) | - | - | - | - | - | |
(22)21 | LDP | 6 | Kenta Matsunami | 3 | Osaka 10th | 77.6% | 前 | |
(23)22 | DPJ | 11 | Shunichi Higuchi | 52 | N/A | - | 新 | |
(24)23 | SDP | 1 | Ryoichi Hattori | 4 | N/A | - | 新 | |
(25) | DPJ | (12) | - | - | - | - | - | |
(26)24 | LDP | 7 | Bunmei Ibuki | 3 | Kyōto 1st | 77.4% | 前 | |
(27) | DPJ | (13) | - | - | - | - | - | |
(28)25 | Kōmeitō | 4 | Yuzuru Takeuchi | 4 | N/A | - | 元 | |
(29)26 | JCP | 3 | Takeshi Miyamoto | 3 | N/A | - | 新 | |
(30) | DPJ | (14) | - | - | - | - | - | |
(31)27 | LDP | 8 | Koichi Tani | 3 | Hyōgo 5th | 76.8% | 前 | |
(32) | DPJ | (15) | - | - | - | - | - | |
(33)28 | Kōmeitō | 5 | Masao Akamatsu | 5 | N/A | - | 前 | |
(34) | DPJ | (16) | - | - | - | - | - | |
(35)29 | LDP | 9 | Takashi Tanihata | 3 | Osaka 14th | 76.7% | 前 |
※The numbers in parentheses are the "assumed ranking" of Your Party and DPJ candidates that could have been elected.
- Originally, the 21st seat was to be allocated to Koichi Oshino(candidate for Osaka 9th district and only PR candidate of Your Party). But his vote tally in the electorate did not exceed the point of forfeiture of the deposit. Therefore, the Party was disqualified from PR allocation and the seat was given to the 22nd allocation, which is Kenta Matsunami, LDP candidate for Osaka 10th district.
- The Democratic Party of Japan should have been able to win 14 seats in the allocation. Yet, all 52 candidates on the list was already elected after the 23rd allocation. As a result, the DPJ only gets 11 instead of 14 seats in proportional representation. The remaining 3 seats was allocated again with the D'Hondt method, giving the LDP 2 extra seats and the Kōmeitō 1 extra seat. The LDP elected Koichi Tani (Hyōgo 5th) and Takashi Tanihata (Osaka 14th) while the Kōmeitō elected Masao Akamatsu (only ran in PR).
- On the SDP party list, the 2 candidates that were ranked first along with Kiyomi Tsujimoto, who was elected in her constituency, lost the deposit and hence cannot be elected through PR. They were replaced by Ryoichi Hattori, who was 4th on the SDP list.
- All DPJ candidates were elected in their constituencies and party list. Hence, when Mitsuei Kawakami resighned to run in the 22nd Japanese House of Councillors to become a councillor for Kyoto (which he lost), the House of Representatives temporarily lost 1 representative until its dissolution in 2012.
44th General Election (2005)
[edit]Party | Discriminant | Name | Order on party list | Electorate | Narrow loss ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | LDP | 1 | Mitsue Kondo | 1 | N/A | - | |
2 | DPJ | 1 | Shingo Nishimura | 1 | Osaka 17th | 98.3% | |
3 | LDP | 2 | Nobuko Iwaki | 2 | Osaka 11th | 81.2% | |
4 | Kōmeitō | 1 | Yasuko Ikenobō | 1 | N/A | - | |
5 | DPJ | 2 | Takeaki Matsumoto | 1 | Hyōgo 11th | 97.8% | |
6 | LDP | 3 | Takuji Yanagimoto | 4 | N/A | - | |
7 | DPJ | 3 | Keiro Kitagami | 1 | Kyōto 4th | 97.8% | |
8 | JCP | 1 | Ikuko Ishii | 1 | N/A | - | |
9 | LDP | 4 | Osamu Uno | 6 | Shiga 3rd | 99.6% | |
10 | Kōmeitō | 2 | Masao Akamatsu | 2 | N/A | - | |
11 | LDP | 5 | Koichiro Shimizu | 6 | Kyoto 3rd | 99.1% | |
12 | DPJ | 4 | Tatsuo Kawabata | 1 | Shiga 1st | 94.5% | |
13 | LDP | 6 | Tomohiro Yamamoto | 6 | Kyōto 2nd | 93.9% | |
14 | SDP | 1 | Kiyomi Tsujimoto | 1 | Osaka 10th | 82.0% | |
15 | DPJ | 5 | Ryuichi Doi | 1 | Hyōgo 3rd | 94.1% | |
16 | LDP | 7 | Kyoko Izawa | 6 | Kyōto 6th | 91.9% | |
17 | Kōmeitō | 3 | Shigeki Sato | 3 | N/A | - | |
18 | JCP | 2 | Keiji Kokuta | 2 | Kyōto 1st | 48.8% | |
19 | DPJ | 6 | Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi | 1 | Hyōgo 1st | 92.0% | |
20 | LDP | 8 | |||||
Yasuji Izumihara | 44 | N/A | - | ||||
21 | DPJ | 7 | Koichiro Ichimura | 1 | Hyōgo 6th | 90.9% | |
22 | LDP | 9 | Kenshiro Matsunami | 6 | Osaka 19th | 89.6% | |
23 | New Party Nippon | 1 | Makoto Taki | 1 | Nara 2nd | 32.5% | |
24 | Kōmeitō | 4 | Hiroyoshi Nishi | 4 | N/A | - | |
25 | LDP | 10 | Yuji Fujii | 6 | Shiga 2nd | 80.1% | |
26 | DPJ | 8 | Osamu Fujimura | 1 | Osaka 7th | 85.9% | |
27 | LDP | 11 | Takashi Yano | 43 | N/A | - | |
28 | DPJ | 9 | Okumura Tenzo | 1 | Shiga 4th | 81.2% | |
29 | JCP | 3 | Hidekatsu Yoshii | 3 | Osaka 13th | 29.0% |
- Chubee Kagita resigned to run in the mayoral election in Nara. He was replaced by Yasuji Izumihara as MP on May 21, 2009.
43rd General Election (2003)
[edit]Party | Discriminant | Name | Order on party list | Electorate | Narrow loss ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DPJ | 1 | Kazuya Tamaki | 1 | Kyōto 1st | 75.9% | |
2 | LDP | 1 | Takuji Yanagimoto | 1 | N/A | - | |
3 | DPJ | 2 | Hajime Ishii | 2 | Hyōgo 1st | 98.8% | |
4 | Kōmeitō | 1 | Yasuko Ikenobō | 1 | N/A | - | |
5 | LDP | 2 | Masahiro Morioka | 2 | N/A | - | |
6 | DPJ | 3 | Yasuhiro Kajiwara | 2 | Hyōgo 5th | 96.8% | |
7 | JCP | 1 | Ikuko Ishii | 1 | Osaka 2nd | 38.0% | |
8 | LDP | 3 | Yuriko Koike | 3 | N/A | - | |
9 | DPJ | 4 | Fusaho Izumi | 2 | Hyōgo 2nd | 96.0% | |
10 | Kōmeitō | 2 | Masao Akamatsu | 3 | N/A | - | |
11 | LDP | 4 | Tomokatsu Kitagawa | 4 | Osaka 12th | 98.8% | |
12 | DPJ | 5 | Okumura Tenzo | 2 | Shiga 4th | 94.9% | |
13 | DPJ | 6 | Tetsuo Inami | 2 | Osaka 5th | 92.4% | |
14 | LDP | 5 | Takeshi Nishida | 4 | Osaka 9th | 95.9% | |
15 | Kōmeitō | 3 | Hiroyoshi Nishi | 3 | N/A | - | |
16 | JCP | 2 | Keiji Kokuta | 2 | Kyōto 1st | 60.6% | |
17 | DPJ | 7 | Yoshikazu Tarui | 2 | Osaka 16th | 85.4% | |
18 | LDP | 6 | Yasuhide Nakayama | 4 | Osaka 4th | 94.2% | |
19 | DPJ | 8 | Kunihiko Muroi | 2 | Hyōgo 8th | 84.2% | |
20 | LDP | 7 | Osamu Konishi | 4 | Shiga 2nd | 93.4% | |
21 | Kōmeitō | 4 | Shigeki Sato | 4 | N/A | - | |
22 | DPJ | 9 | Osamu Nakagawa | 2 | Osaka 18th | 82.5% | |
23 | SDP | 1 | Takako Doi | 1 | Hyōgo 7th | 86.6% | |
24 | LDP | 8 | Osamu Uno | 4 | Shiga 3rd | 89.8% | |
25 | DPJ | 10 | Takeshi Kishimoto | 2 | Wakayama 2nd | 81.8% | |
26 | JCP | 3 | Hidekatsu Yoshii | 3 | Osaka 13th | 34.3% | |
27 | Kōmeitō | 5 | Yasuhide Yamana | 5 | N/A | - | |
28 | LDP | 9 | Makoto Taki | 4 | Nara 2nd | 88.5% | |
29 | DPJ | 11 | Megumu Tsuji | 2 | Osaka 3rd | 81.5% |
- The number of seats is decreased from 30 to 29.
42nd General Election (2000)
[edit]Party | Discriminant | Name | Order on Party List | Electorate | Narrow loss ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | LDP | 1 | Sanae Takaichi | 1 | N/A | - | |
2 | DPJ | 1 | Kazunori Yamanoi | 1 | N/A | - | |
3 | Kōmeitō | 1 | Yasuko Ikenobō | 1 | N/A | - | |
4 | JCP | 1 | Keiji Kokuta | 1 | Kyōto 1st | 79.1% | |
5 | LDP | 2 | Takuji Yanagimoto | 2 | N/A | - | |
6 | DPJ | 2 | Tsutomu Yamamoto | 2 | N/A | - | |
7 | Liberal | 1 | Shingo Nishimura | 1 | Osaka 17th | 67.8% | |
8 | SDP | 1 | Tomoko Nakagawa | 1 | Hyōgo 6th | 65.9% | |
9 | Kōmeitō | 2 | Hiroyoshi Nishi | 2 | N/A | - | |
10 | JCP | 2 | Ikuko Ishii | 2 | Osaka 2nd | 62.0% | |
11 | LDP | 3 | Yoshihide Sakaue | 3 | N/A | - | |
12 | DPJ | 3 | Setsuya Kagita | 3 | N/A | - | |
13 | LDP | 4 | Akira Nishino | 4 | N/A | - | |
14 | DPJ | 4 | Satoru Ienishi | 4 | N/A | - | |
15 | Kōmeitō | 3 | Yasuhide Yamana | 3 | N/A | - | |
16 | JCP | 3 | Hidekatsu Yoshii | 3 | Osaka 13th | 50.2% | |
17 | Liberal | 2 | Susumu Shiota | 1 | Hyōgo 10th | 29.6% | |
18 | LDP | 5 | - | ||||
Tomokatsu Kitagawa | 7 | Osaka 12th | 95.0% | ||||
19 | DPJ | 5 | Miyoko Hida | 5 | Osaka 10th | 94.2% | |
20 | SDP | 2 | Renko Kitagawa | 1 | Hyōgo 8th | 47.4% | |
21 | Kōmeitō | 4 | - | ||||
Shigeki Sato | 6 | N/A | - | ||||
22 | JCP | 4 | Yōko Fujiki | 4 | Hyōgo 8th | 56.9% | |
23 | LDP | 6 | Shōnosuke Hayashi | 6 | N/A | - | |
24 | DPJ | 6 | Kazuya Tamaki | 5 | Kyōto 6th | 92.0% | |
25 | LDP | 7 | Keisuke Sunada | 7 | Hyōgo 1st | 99.5% | |
26 | DPJ | 7 | Tetsuji Nakamura | 5 | Nara 2nd | 89.5% | |
27 | Kōmeitō | 5 | Masao Akamatsu | 5 | N/A | - | |
28 | Liberal | 3 | Ikko Nakatsuka | 4 | N/A | - | |
29 | JCP | 5 | Motoo Ōhata | 5 | N/A | - | |
30 | SDP | 3 | Munenori Ueda | 1 | Nara 3rd | 34.1% |
- Number of MPs elected were reduced from 33 to 30
- Juntarō Toyoda, 1st on the Liberal Party list was not elected as he lost his deposit in the district due to not getting enough votes. Ikko Nakatsuka was drafted to replace him.
- Tetsushi Kubo died and was replaced by Shigeki Sato. (June 23, 2003)
- Tōru Okutani died and was replaced by Tomokatsu Kitagawa. (July 16, 2003)
41st general election (1996)
[edit]Party | Discriminant | Name | Order on Party List | Electorate | Narrow loss ratio | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | New Frontier | 1 | Yasuko Ikenobō | 1 | N/A | - | |
2 | LDP | 1 | Ryotaro Tanose | 1 | Nara 4th | 99.2% | |
3 | JCP | 1 | Mitsuo Higashinaka | 2 | Osaka 5th | 74.5% | |
4 | New Frontier | 2 | Mikio Omi | 2 | N/A | - | |
5 | LDP | 2 | Shigehiko Okuyama | 1 | Kyoto 3rd | 97.8% | |
6 | DPJ | 1 | Satoru Ienishi | 1 | Nara 1st | 31.3% | |
7 | New Frontier | 3 | Tetsuji Kubo | 3 | N/A | - | |
8 | LDP | 3 | Keisuke Sunada | 1 | Hyōgo 1st | 96.3% | |
9 | JCP | 2 | Keiji Kokuta | 3 | Kyōto 1st | 95.7% | |
10 | New Frontier | 4 | Masao Akamatsu | 4 | N/A | - | |
11 | LDP | 4 | Makoto Mekata | 1 | Shiga 1st | 95.5% | |
12 | DPJ | 2 | Miyoko Hida | 2 | Osaka 10th | 63.0% | |
13 | SDP | 1 | Kiyomi Tsujimoto | 1 | N/A | - | |
14 | New Frontier | 5 | Hiroyoshi Nishi | 5 | N/A | - | |
15 | JCP | 3 | Ikuko Ishii | 4 | Osaka 2nd | 62.9% | |
16 | LDP | 5 | Takashi Tanihata | 1 | Osaka 14th | 93.3% | |
17 | New Frontier | 6 | Takashi Yamamoto | 6 | N/A | - | |
18 | LDP | 6 | Takuji Yanagimoto | 5 | Osaka 3rd | 92.2% | |
19 | DPJ | 3 | Issei Inoue | 3 | Osaka 8th | 46.2% | |
20 | JCP | 4 | Sumi Fujita | 5 | Osaka 17th | 71.1% | |
21 | New Frontier | 7 | Shigeki Sato | 7 | N/A | - | |
22 | LDP | 7 | Yoshihide Sakaue | 1 | Hyōgo 6th | 90.7% | |
23 | New Frontier | 8 | Osamu Yoshida | 8 | N/A | - | |
24 | LDP | 8 | Kanzaburo Hara | 1 | Hyōgo 9th | 89.4% | |
25 | JCP | 5 | Daiichi Tsuji | 6 | Nara 1st | 55.8% | |
26 | DPJ | 4 | Seiji Maehara | 4 | Kyōto 2nd | 72.5% | |
27 | New Frontier | 9 | Setsuya Kagita | 9 | N/A | - | |
28 | LDP | 9 | |||||
Tōru Okutani | 1 | Hyōgo 2nd | 85.7% | ||||
29 | SDP | 2 | Tomoko Nakagawa | 2 | N/A | - | |
30 | New Frontier | 10 | Kyokudōzan Kazuyasu | 10 | N/A | - | |
31 | JCP | 6 | Yōko Fujiki | 7 | Hyōgo 8th | 58.1% | |
32 | LDP | 10 | Masaaki Nakayama | 1 | Osaka 4th | 86.6% | |
33 | DPJ | 5 | Tsutomu Yamamoto | 4 | Shiga 1st | 50.4% |
- Minoru Noda lost his seat because he violated conflict of interest laws and was replaced by Tōru Okutani instead.
MPs by Party
[edit]Year | LDP | New Frontier | DPJ |
CDP |
Ishin |
Kōmeitō | Your Party | CPJ | Future |
SDP | Liberal | New Party | Kibō | DPFP | Reiwa | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
41st | 1996 | 10 | 10 | 5 | - | - | - | - | 6 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | 33 |
42nd | 2000 | 7 | - | 7 | - | - | 5 | - | 5 | - | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | - | 30 |
43rd | 2003 | 9 | - | 11 | - | - | 5 | - | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | 29 |
44th | 2005 | 11 | - | 9 | - | - | 4 | - | 3 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | 29 |
45th | 2009 | 9(7) | - | 11(13) | - | - | 5(4) | 0(1) | 3 | - | 1 | - | 0 | - | - | - | 29 |
46th | 2012 | 7 | - | 3 | - | 10 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | 29 |
47th | 2014 | 9 | - | 4 | - | 8 | 4 | - | 4 | - | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | 29 |
48th | 2017 | 9 | - | - | 5 | 5 | 4 | - | 2 | - | 0 | - | - | 3 | - | - | 28 |
49th | 2021 | 8 | - | - | 3 | 10 | 3 | - | 2 | - | 0 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | 28 |
- Note: Parties without MPs are omitted
Number of votes by party
[edit]41st-43rd general elections
[edit]Year | New Frontier | LDP | CPJ | DPJ | SDP | New Harbinger | New Socialist | Liberal League | Democratic Reform | Kōmeitō | Liberal | New Conservative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
41st | 1996 | 2,567,452 | 2,497,411 | 1,539,172 | 1,223,192 | 542,047 | 234,849 | 122,989 | 58,320 | 18,844 | - | - | - |
42nd | 2000 | - | 2,185,236 | 1,458,970 | 2,154,312 | 843,060 | - | - | 99,791 | - | 1,483,220 | 878,910 | 125,824 |
43rd | 2003 | - | 2,833,181 | 992,142 | 3,425,342 | 375,228 | - | - | - | - | 1,604,469 | - | - |
44th to 47th general elections
[edit]Year | LDP | DPJ | Kōmeitō | CPJ | SDP | New Party Nippon | Your Party | People's New Party | Hapiness Realization | New Renaissance | Ishin | Tomorrow/Liberal | Japanese Kokoro | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
44th | 2005 | 4,003,209 | 3,157,556 | 1,626,678 | 1,051,949 | 619,883 | 420,908 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
45th | 2009 | 2,592,451 | 4,733,415 | 1,449,170 | 1,067,443 | 411,092 | 133,708 | 465,591 | 169,380 | 80,529 | 58,141 | - | - | - |
46th | 2012 | 2,326,005 | 1,173,051 | 1,234,345 | 732,976 | 133,064 | - | 635,381 | - | 33,509 | - | 2,999,020 | 481,603 | - |
47th | 2014 | 2,442,006 | 1,047,361 | 1,236,217 | 1,084,154 | 124,494 | - | - | - | 35,830 | - | 2,202,932 | 97,386 | 175,279 |
48th General election
[edit]Year | LDP | Ishin | CDP |
Kōmeitō | Kibō | Communist | SDP | Hapiness Realization | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
48th | 2017 | 2,586,424 | 1,544,821 | 1,335,360 | 1,164,995 | 913,860 | 786,158 | 78,702 | 36,774 |
49th General election onwards
[edit]Year | Ishin | LDP | Kōmeitō | CDP | Communist | DPFP | Reiwa | NHK Party | SDP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
49th | 2021[1] | 3,180,219 | 2,407,699 | 1,155,683 | 1,090,665.759 | 736,156 | 303,480.001 | 292,483 | 111,539 | 100,980 |
脚注
[edit]- ^ 登載者不足
47th (2014)
[edit]- ^ 総務省自治行政局選挙部 (2021-11-09). "衆議院議員総選挙・最高裁判所裁判官国民審査結果調" (PDF). 総務省. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
出典
[edit]References
[edit]