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Lunar I-Hab

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International Habitation Module
Rendering of the International Habitat (I-Hab) module of the Lunar Gateway.
Mission typeHabitat, command and control module
WebsiteGateway: International Habitat
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftI-HAB
ManufacturerThales Alenia Space
Launch mass10,000 kg (22,000 lb)[1]
Dimensions5.4 m (18 ft) (diameter), 10 m3 (350 cu ft) (habitable vol.)[1]
Start of mission
Launch date2028 (planned)[2]
RocketSLS
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39B
Orbital parameters
Reference systemNear-rectilinear halo orbit
← HALO
ESPIRIT →

The Lunar I-Hab[3] (formerly known as International Habitation Module, International Habitat or I-HAB) is designed as a habitat module of the Lunar Gateway station, to be built by the European Space Agency (ESA) in collaboration with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, or JAXA.[4][5] The I-HAB will have a maximum launch mass of 10,000 kg (22,000 lb) and provide a habitable volume of 10 m3 (350 cu ft) (the gross pressurized volume is 36 m3 (1,300 cu ft)).[1]

Background

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Concept work on the I-HAB module started in early July 2018 with a consortium of companies led by Airbus and including Thales Alenia Space. Airbus-lead consortium worked with ESA to develop an overall design concept.[6] Airbus and Thales Alenia were also independently contracted in September 2018 to run parallel Phase A/B studies.[6][7][8] Phase A focused on establishing the program's feasibility, and Phase B looked to develop a preliminary definition for the module.[6] ESA conducted a Preliminary Requirements Review in November 2018 and the consortium ran its own design meeting in March 2019. This culminated in the development and publication of the System Requirements Document in July 2019, which was built on NASA's requirements for Lunar Gateway.[6]

Contract

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On 14 October 2020, Thales Alenia announced that they had been selected by ESA to build the I-HAB module.[9] The company will be the prime contractor, responsible for program management, design, fabrication of the primary structure, mechanical and thermal systems, and final integration and testing.[9] Thales Alenia previously built several modules for the International Space Station (ISS), including Columbus, Harmony, Tranquility, Leonardo, and the Cupola.[10] It was the second largest industrial provider to the ISS.[11] It also built the pressure vessels for the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) and Cygnus spacecraft; and the Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules, which were used to transport cargo inside the Space Shuttle orbiters. The expected total cost of the contract with Thales Alenia will be 327 million euros, with the first tranches of payments equal to 36 million euros.[9]

ESA formalised their involvement in the Lunar Gateway on October 27, 2020, with an agreement with NASA.[12]

Design and manufacture

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Mission requirements for module specified the need to provide habitation and working space for four astronauts for a duration of 30 to 90 days. I-HAB will feature four docking ports, two axial ports for connection to other Lunar Gateway elements, and two radial ports for cargo vehicle and lunar lander vehicle.[6] Due to Lunar Gateway not being permanently inhabited, the module will be optimised for remote operation and maintenance, which may be achieved through the use of internal robotic interfaces and a robotic arm.[9][6]

The module aims to provide galley facilities; hygiene and waste management systems; exercise equipment; cargo and consumables storage; refrigeration; airlocks; and workstations, monitor, and control consoles.[6] Various elements of the module are contributions from partners. Environmental control and life support system, batteries, thermal control, and imagery components will be built and supplied by JAXA; avionics hardware and software will be supplied by US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); and robotic interfaces will be provided by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).[13][9]

I-HAB will feature four docking ports. Two axial ports will be used for connection to other Lunar Gateway elements, including the Habitation and Logistics Outpost and airlock.[6] Two radial docking ports will be used for connection to the European System Providing Refueling, Infrastructure and Telecommunications (ESPRIT) module and for accommodating visiting cargo vehicles, Orion spacecraft and lunar lander.[6]

While I-HAB is still planned to launch on NASA's Space Launch System, the size and weight of the module were constrained by the possibility of its launch vehicle being switched to SpaceX's Falcon Heavy.[6][9] The inner diameter was reduced from 4.2 meters to 3.4 meters, and internal length reduced from 6.6 meters to 5.9 meters.[6] Both reductions resulted from a smaller payload fairing, the need for a separate service vehicle to replace the transport service provided by the Orion spacecraft, and docking targets for the radial ports.[6]

ESA completed the preliminary design review of the I-HAB in November 2021.[14] In preparation for this review, Thales Alenia partnered with the European Astronaut Centre to allow ESA astronauts to experience the usable volume and crew accommodations within the habitat. This was achieved via virtual reality.[15] As of May 2024, the module was well underway in the testing phase.[16]

Launch

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The module is slated to launch in 2028 on the Artemis 4 mission with the Space Launch System Block 1B rocket, along with a crewed Orion spacecraft.[2][17] The module would be located within a Universal Stage Adapter (USA), and attached to a payload adapter connected to an Exploration Upper Stage (EUS).[18][19] Once the translunar injection burn has been completed the Orion/EUS stack will undergo a procedure similar to the transposition and docking procedure performed during the Apollo Program, during this procedure the Orion spacecraft would separate from the US, after which the EUS rotates away from the Orion spacecraft to allow for the jettison of the USA. The EUS would then rotate back for Orion to dock with the I-HAB module. Following a successful docking, the EUS would then release the I-HAB module from the payload adaptor along with the Orion spacecraft attached. Orion would then be responsible for delivery of the module to the Lunar Gateway in its near-rectilinear halo orbit.[19]

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Artemis IV". European Space Agency. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  2. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (13 March 2023). "NASA planning to spend up to $1 billion on space station deorbit module". SpaceNews. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  3. ^ "Gateway: Lunar I-Hab". www.esa.int. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
  4. ^ Funding Europe's space ambitions Archived 29 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Jeff Foust, The Space Review December 2019
  5. ^ "Lunar Gateway - Satellite Missions". eoPortal Directory. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Labidi, M.; Vienna, Liquifer Systems Group (21–25 October 2019). "Interior Configuration Concepts for the Gateway IHAB". Proceedings of the 70th International Astronautical Congress, Washington DC, USA.
  7. ^ "A first step to make a dream – the exploration of the Moon comes true". Thales Group. 4 September 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  8. ^ "Forward to the Moon: Airbus wins ESA studies for future human base in lunar orbit". Airbus. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e f "Thales Alenia Space on its way to reach the Moon". thalesgroup.com. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  10. ^ Montrasio, Simone (24 July 2016). "Nuovi Cygnus PCM ordinati alla Thales Alenia Space di Torino". astronautinews.it.
  11. ^ "Exhibitor Spotlight: Thales Alenia Space". Space Tech Expo. 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  12. ^ Potter, Sean (27 October 2020). "NASA, European Space Agency Formalize Artemis Gateway Partnership". NASA. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  13. ^ "Europe steps up contributions to Artemis Moon plan". BBC News. 14 October 2020. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  14. ^ "Gateway: International Habitat". the European Space Agency. European Space Agency. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
  15. ^ "ESA astronauts Alexander Gerst and Luca Parmitano use their avatars to check out future habitation accommodation on Lunar Gateway". Thales Group. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  16. ^ "New milestone for the Gateway: life inside Lunar I-Hab". www.esa.int. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  17. ^ "NASA FY 2022 Budget Estimates" (PDF). p. PDF page 97, in-text page DEXP-67. Delivery of I-Hab to the Gateway will be via the SLS Block 1B launch vehicle with Orion providing orbital insertion and docking.
  18. ^ Smith, David Alan (19 December 2018). Space Launch System (SLS) Mission Planner's Guide (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2022.
  19. ^ a b "SLS Gateway I-Hab Integration Overview" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server. NASA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
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