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The Historia de preliis Alexandri Magni (History of Alexander's Battles), more commonly known as the Historia de preliis (History of Battles), refers to a Latin translation and the main abridgements of a work that was originally as the Nativitas et victoria Alexandri Magni regis. Between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries, the Historia went through three major recensions and it is through these recensions that the text is known today as the original is lost. The three recensions are called I1, I2, and I3 (also called J1, J2, and J3 in some publications). Their influence was enormous on medieval European literature, spawning an immense number of translations into almost every vernacular and subsequently making Alexander a household name in the European Middle Ages.[1] The Alexander Romance, through the Latin Historia, underwent more translations than any text with the exception of the Gospels.[2]

The name Historia de preliis is an abbreviation of the name Liber Alexandria Philippi Macedonum qui primus regnavit in Grecia et de proeliis eiusdem. This is the name for the work known from its oldest known manuscript, Bodleian Rawlinson B 149.[3]

Leo's prologue at the beginning of the text states that when he found the manuscript, he immediately began to work on its translation before bringing it back to Naples.[4] The prologue also follows up on a debate that went back to among the earliest Christians, concerning the value of pagan literature and knowledge. The prologue takes the argument that not only were the pagans in some respects capable of virtue, but that because they were, the Christian must be evermore a reflection of a virtuous life. Alexander's legendary life represented a form of virtuous military action that the story sought to recount.[5]

Nativitas et victoria Alexandri Magni regis

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The Navitas et victoria Alexandri Magni regis (The Birth and Victories of King Alexander the Great) is a lost tenth-century Latin translation of the Greek Alexander Romance of Pseudo-Callisthenes, produced from a copy of a Greek manuscript discovered in Constantinople by Leo the Archpriest. Leo had undertaken a mission commissioned to him by John III of Naples. According to Domenico Comparetti, John III was a duke with an interest in the collection of letters and writings from wherever they could be found, of both secular and religious content. It is in this context that Leo was one of John's chief agents in the collection of Greek manuscripts followed by their translation into the Latin vernacular.[6]

The translation is believed to have been produced between 951 and 969, as it was commissioned after the death of John IIIs wife, Theodora, which took place in 951, and it must have been completed before Leo himself died in 969.

Leo's translation was based on the α recension of the Alexander Romance. Though originally titled the Navitas, it came to later be known as the Historia de preliis, a title which refers to not one but three independent Latin versions or recensions on Leo's translation that came to attract considerable popularity in the European Middle Ages and made Alexander a household name.[1]

Despite being lost, a manuscript close to Leo's text is known; it is known from:[7]

  • A manuscript from the cathedral library in Bamberg founded by Emperor Henry II. It is known as Bamberg, Staatsbibliothek, MS E. III.14 (Ba) — or Bambergensis E.111.4 — composed c. 1000 in southern Italy. It also contains several other Alexander treatises, such as the Commonitorium Palladdii.
  • A thirteenth-century manuscript known as MS 342 (L) from the Lambeth Palace Library, containing five-eighths of Leo's text.
  • The Historia de preliis, ultimately based on Leo's translation, especially I1 (for which a critical edition was published in 1992).[8]

Recensions

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I1

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I1 was produced in the eleventh-century and was the primary source of the next two recensions. It appears to be a product of the now-lost δ recension. It also took the first significant step in transforming the Romance from an entertaining narrative into one which helps convey moral narratives and stories. Major episodes included in this recension are Alexander's visit to Jerusalem, the ascent of Alexander into an eagles basket (one of the most popular scenes depicted in medieval cathedral art), his subsequent descent into the diving bell, a scene involving prophesying trees, and a correspondence with the Brahman king Dindimus.[9][10]

I2

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I2 was produced in 1118–19, in the twelfth century, whose redactor may have been the geographer Guido of Pisa. It is sometimes referred to as the Orosius-recension because it includes material from the Historiae adversum paganos (417 AD) of Orosius, a friend of Augustine. It also describes Alexander's sealing away of the barbarian tribes Gog and Magog.[9][10] This recension is the likely source for the Roman d'Alexandre en prose and the Buik of Alexander.[11] Along with I3, this recension was widely known in Italy.[12]

I3

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I3 was produced in the early thirteenth century (ca. 1218–36) and adds narratives concerning the dangers of the ambition and vanity involved in kingship, and introduces a story where two Greek philosophers and one Jewish philosopher debated, in Alexander's presence, whether the king should embrace monotheism. This version was also the direct source for a famous and long Latin epic by Quilichinus of Spoleto, which was published in 1236 (serving as a terminus ad quem for the composition of I3).[9][10]

The I3 recension is the form that the Historia became most popular in and was the basis of a long line of later works and translations, such as its 1236 reworking by Quilichinus. It is known from a large number of manuscripts and, from 1471 onwards, underwent numerous printings.[13]

Manuscripts

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The following list of manuscripts is based on the one provided by Hilka & Magoun 1934.[14]

I1

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  • Bg1 — Bamberg, Staatsbibl., MS. 85(M.II.8), fol. 119r-164r.
  • Bg2 — Bamberg, Staatsbibl., MS. 85a(N.I.5), fol. 3r-21r.
  • G — Graz, Universitatsbibl., MS. 1520, fol. 1r -49v.
  • I — Innsbruck, Universitatsbibl., cod. Oenipontanus 525, fol. lr-65v.
  • L1 — London, British Museum, MS. Royal 13.C.12, fol. 83r-109v.
  • L2 — London, British Museum, MS. Arundel 123, fol. 43r-71r.
  • M — Munich, Bayer. Staatsbibl., MS. lat. 7843, fol. 127r-195r.
  • m — Munich, Bayer. Staatsbibl., MS. lat. 12260, fol. 160r-165v (excerpta).
  • O1 — Oxford, Bodleian Lib., MS. Rawlinson A.273 (Western 111h9), fol. 31r-61r.
  • O2 — Oxford, Bodleian Lib., MS. Rawlinson B.149, pp. 133–206.
  • O3 — Oxford, Bodleian Lib., MS. E. D. Clarke 27 (Western 18389), fol. 1P-27r.
  • O4 — Oxford, New College Lib., MS. 342, fol. 72r-153v.
  • P — Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. fonds lat. 8501, fol. 2r-57

I2

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  • B — Berlin, Staatsbibl., MS. lat. quarto 555, fol. 12r-75r.
  • Ba — Basel, Universititsbibl., MS. A.11.34, fol. 321r-331r (excerpta).
  • Br1 — Breslau, Universitiatsbibl., MS. I.Fol.472, fol. 217v-248v.
  • Br2 — Breslau, Universitatsbibl., MS. IV.Fol.33, fol. 1r-27v.
  • Br3 — Breslau, Universitiitsbibl., MS. IV.Fol.34, fol. 97r-115v.
  • Br4 — Breslau, Stadtbibl., MS. R.58, fol. 85r-128r.
  • Bx1 — Brussels, Bibl. Royale, MS. 1663, fol. lr-46r.
  • Bx2 — Brussels, Bibl. Royale, MS. 3915, fol. 74r-109r.
  • C1 — Cambridge (Eng.), Corpus Christi Coll. Lib., MS. 129, fol. 15r-31v.
  • C2 — Cambridge (Eng.), Corpus Christi Coll. Lib., MS. 370, fol. 48r-80r.
  • D — Danzig, Stadtbibl., MS. 1974, fol. 229r-240r.
  • Kg — Konigsberg, Universitiatsbibl., MS. 334, fol. 57r-115r (free version; mixed text).
  • Lg — Leipzig, Stadtbibl., MS. repositorium 11.4'.143, fol. 1r-11Jr. Ml Munich, Bayer. Staatsbibl., MS. lat. 824, fol. 1r-78r.
  • M2 — Munich, Bayer. Staatsbibl., MS. lat. 21665, fol. 1r-33r.
  • Mk — Mikulov (Nikolsburg, Czechoslovakia), MS.I1.112, fol. 150r-156v (free version; mixed text).
  • Mo — Modena, Bibl. Estense, MS.a.W.8.14, fol. 97r-131v.
  • N — Naples, Biblioteca Naz., MS.V.F. 27, fol. 1r-119r.
  • O5 — Oxford, Bodleian Lib., MS. Auct. F.3.3, fol. 130r-153r.
  • O6 — Oxford, Bodleian Lib., MS. 341 (We8tern 2445), fol. 137r-159v.
  • P1 — Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. lat. 2477, fol. 30r-67v.
  • P2 — Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. lat. 6041, fol. 2OOr-209r.
  • P3 — Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. lat. 8503, fol. 7v-26v.
  • P4 — Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. lat. 13710, fol. 1r-75v.
  • P5 — Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. lat. 14169, fol. 80r-193r.
  • P6 — Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. nouv. acq. lat. 174, fol. 1r-40v. See i3 below.
  • P7 — Paris, Bibl. Mazarine, MS. lat. 780, fol. 115r-151r.
  • Pg — Prague, Bibl. Metropol. MS. 1022, fol. 98r-122r.
  • Po — Pommersfelden (Bavaria), MS. 2855, fol. 1O9r-147r.
  • R — Rome, Bibl. Apostol. Vat., MS. lat. 7190, fol. 1r-42v.
  • S(H) — Harvard University (Cambridge, Mass.), Harvard Coll. Lib., MS. lat. 121F, fol. 103r-150v. Formerly Seitenstettin (Austria), MS. 31.
  • St — Stuttgart, Landesbibl., Cod. historicus infol. 411, fol. 223r-229r.
  • V1 — Venice, Bibl. Naz. di San Marco, MS. lat.X.216, fol. 1r-40v.
  • V2 — Venice, Bibl. Naz. di San Marco, MS. lat. 406, fol. 1r-58v.
  • W1 — Vienna, Nazional-Bibl., MS. lat. 3247, fol. 6r-53v.
  • W2 — Vienna, Nazional-Bibl., MS. lat. 3412, fol. 157r-185r.
  • Wo — Wolfenbuttel, Grosshrzgl. Bibl. MS. 671 (Helmstddt 622), fol. 182t-234r.

I3

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  • B1 — Berlin, Staatsbibl., MS. lat. quarto 518, fol. 81r-133r.
  • B2 — Berlin, Staatsbibl., MS. lat. octavo 49, fol. 1r94v.
  • Ba1 — Basel, Universitatsbibl., MS.E.III.17, fol. 117r-135v.
  • Be — Bern, Universitiatsbibl., MS. 247, fol. 134r-174v.
  • Bo1 — Bologna, R. Bibl. Univ., MS. 1951, 53 fol.
  • Bo2 — Bologna, R. Bibl. Univ., MS. 2761, 49 fol.
  • C3 — Cambridge (Eng.), St John's College Lib., MS. 184(G. 16), fol. 1r-39v.
  • C4 — Cambridge (Eng.), Trinity College Lib., MS. 946, fol. 1r-24r.
  • Co — Cortona, Accademia Etrusca, MS. 240, fol. 1r-55r.
  • Dr — Darmstadt, Hessische Landesbibl., MS. 231, fol. 48v-9Ov.
  • F — Florence, Bibl. Laurenziana, MS. Riccard. 522, fol. 19r-35v.
  • GI — Glasgow, University Library, MS. Hunterian 84, 39 fol.
  • H — Harvard Univ., Cambridge (Mass.), Harv. Coll. Lib., MS. lat. 34, 12 fol.
  • Ho — Holkham, Nf. (Eng.), Library of Lord Leicester, MS. 457, fol. 1r-37r.
  • Ka1 — Karlsruhe, Bad. Landesbibl., MS. Reichenau LXIII, fol. 42r-70v.
  • Ka2 — Karlsruhe, Bad. Landesbibl., MS. Reichenau 134, fol. 1r-155r.
  • M3 — Munich, Bayer. Staatsbibl., MS. lat. 14796, fol. 13r-158r.
  • Ma — Madrid, Bibl. Nacional, MS. 10222, 16 fol.
  • Mi1 — Milan, Bibl. Braidense, MS. A.D. XIII.29, fol. 1r-55r.
  • Mi2 — Milan, Bibl. Ambrosiana, MS. C. p18, fol. 3r-24v.
  • Mi3 — Milan, Bibl. Ambrosiana, MS. 1.64, fol. 1v-69r.
  • Mo1 — Modena, Bibl. Estense, MS. a. F.1.27, fol. 8r-47v.
  • P6 — Paris, Bibl. Nat., MS. nouv. acq. lat. 174, fol. 41r-46v. See I2 above.

Editions and translations

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An edition of all three recensions was published by Bergmeister in 1975.[15]

A translation of the I1 recension was published in 1992 by R.T. Pritchard.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Stoneman, Richard (2022). "Introduction: Formation and Diffusion of the Alexander Legend". In Stoneman, Richard (ed.). A history of Alexander the Great in world culture. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-1-107-16769-8.
  2. ^ Hofmann, Heinz, ed. (2004). Latin fiction: the Latin novel in context. London: Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-415-14722-4.
  3. ^ Stoneman, Richard (2011). "Primary Sources from the Classical and Early Medieval Periods". In Zuwiyya, Zachary David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 18. ISBN 978-90-04-18345-2.
  4. ^ Stoneman, Richard (2011). "The Alexander Romance in Italy". In Zuwiyya, Zachary David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 330. ISBN 978-90-04-18345-2.
  5. ^ Zink, Michel (2002). "The Prologue to the Historia de Preliis: A Pagan Model of Spiritual Struggle". In Maddox, Donald; Sturm-Maddox, Sara (eds.). The Medieval French Alexander. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 21–27. ISBN 978-0-7914-5443-5.
  6. ^ Stoneman, Richard (2004). "The Medieval Alexander". In Hofmann, Heinz (ed.). Latin fiction: the Latin novel in context. London: Routledge. pp. 201–202. ISBN 978-0-415-14722-4.
  7. ^ Stoneman, Richard (2011). "Primary Sources from the Classical and Early Medieval Periods". In Zuwiyya, Zachary David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-90-04-18345-2.
  8. ^ Leo; Pritchard, R. Telfryn (1992). The history of Alexander's battles: Historia de preliis, the J1 version. Mediaeval sources in translation. Toronto, Ont: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-88844-284-0.
  9. ^ a b c Stone, Charles Russell (2019). The Roman de toute chevalerie: reading Alexander romance in late medieval England. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-4875-0189-1. OCLC 1089840999.
  10. ^ a b c Hofmann, Heinz, ed. (2004). Latin fiction: the Latin novel in context. London: Routledge. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-415-14722-4.
  11. ^ Caughey, Anna (2010). "'A1s for the worthyness of be romance': Exploitation of Genre in the Buik of Kyng Alexander the Conquerour". In Ashe, Laura; Djordjević, Ivana; Weiss, Judith (eds.). The exploitations of medieval romance. Studies in medieval romance. Cambridge, UK; Rochester, NY: D.S. Brewer. pp. 141, n. 6. ISBN 978-1-84384-212-5. OCLC 426810057.
  12. ^ Stoneman, Richard (2011). "The Alexander Romance in Italy". In Zuwiyya, Zachary David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden Boston: Brill. pp. 338–339. ISBN 978-90-04-18345-2.
  13. ^ Stoneman, Richard (2011). "Primary Sources from the Classical and Early Medieval Periods". In Zuwiyya, Zachary David (ed.). A companion to Alexander literature in the Middle Ages. Brill's companions to the Christian tradition. Leiden Boston: Brill. p. 19. ISBN 978-90-04-18345-2.
  14. ^ Hilka, A.; Magoun, F.P. (1934). "A List Of Manuscripts Containing Texts Of The Historia De Preliis Alexandri Magni, Recensions I1, I2, I3". Speculum. 9 (1): 84–86. doi:10.2307/2846454. JSTOR 2846454.
  15. ^ Bergmeister, H.J. (1975). Historia de Preliis Alexandri Magni (Der lateinische Alexanderroman des Mittelalters), synoptische ed. der Rezension des Leo Archipresbyter und der interpolierten Fassungen J1, J2, J 3. Meisenheim am Glan.
  16. ^ Leo; Pritchard, R. Telfryn (1992). The history of Alexander's battles: Historia de preliis, the J1 version. Mediaeval sources in translation. Toronto, Ont: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-88844-284-0.
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