Parahesperornis

Parahesperornis; Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 85–82 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Replica skeleton
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	Theropoda
Clade:	Avialae
Clade:	†Hesperornithes
Family:	†Hesperornithidae
Genus:	†Parahesperornis; Martin, 1984
Type species
	†Parahesperornis alexi; Martin, 1984
Other species
	?Parahesperornis bazhanovi Nessov & Prizemlin, 1991;
Synonyms
	? Asiahesperornis bazhanovi;

Parahesperornis is a genus of prehistoric flightless birds from the Late Cretaceous. Its range in space and time may have been extensive, but its remains are rather few and far between, at least compared with its contemporary relatives in Hesperornis. Remains are known from central North America, namely the former shallows of the Western Interior Seaway in Kansas. Found only in the upper Niobrara Chalk, these are from around the Coniacian-Santonian boundary, 85–82 million years ago (mya).

Parahesperornis alexi (Martin, 1984) was long lumped with specimen YPM 1478, described initially as Hesperornis gracilis and later moved to the monotypic genus Hargeria (Lucas, 1903). It then turned out that this genus' description actually referred to specimen KUVP 2287, which eventually became the holotype of P. alexi. Nonetheless, the taxon description of Hargeria was about "Hesperornis" gracilis exclusively, and thus despite the misidentification it applies to YPM 1478, the holotype of "H." gracilis. This mistake was rectified by later authors, who sank Hargeria back into Hesperornis.^[1]

In 2017, Asiahesperornis was considered as a possible synonym of Parahesperornis.

Parahesperornis was a member of the Hesperornithes, flightless toothed seabirds of the Cretaceous and more specifically in the main lineage, close to Hesperornis.^[2] Possibly the genus extended into the Campanian, to less than 80 mya^{[citation needed]}. In any case, there are two very similar fossils from the Nemegt Formation (Maastrichtian or possibly late Campanian, around 76–66 mya), which were found at Tsagaan Kushu (Mongolia). Both are distal ends of tibiotarsi, and they seem certainly more similar to the bones of Hesperornithiformes and (due to the smallish size) to Parahesperornis specifically. However, they are not very diagnostic regardless, and the diversity of Parahesperornis remains enigmatic.

Footnotes

^ Bell, A. and Everhart, M.J. (2009). "A new specimen of Parahesperornis (Aves: Hesperornithiformes) from the Smoky Hill Chalk (Early Campanian) of Western Kansas." Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 112(1/2): 7-14.
^ Mortimer (2004)

References

Lucas, F. A. 1903. Notes on the osteology and relationships of the fossil birds of the genera Hesperornis, Hargenia, Baptornis, and Diatryma. Proc. U.S. National Mus. 26:545-556.
Martin, L. 1984. A new Hesperornithid and the relationships of the Mesozoic birds. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 87:141-150.
Mortimer, Michael (2004): The Theropod Database: Phylogeny of taxa. Retrieved 2013-MAR-02.
Williston. S.W. 1898. Birds. University Geological Survey of Kansas 4(2):43-64.