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Tonopah Air Force Base

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"Tonopah Army Airfield" redirects here. For the Cold War radar station, see Tonopah Air Force Station. For the 1958 Mud Lake Test Annex, see Edwards Air Force Base.
Tonopah Air Force Base
Part of Fourth Air Force
Nye County, near Tonopah, Nevada
1944 Tonopah AAFld after a $3,000,000 project was completed for runways, new aprons, new water storage tanks, additional quarters and barracks, a new post exchange, supply buildings, crash stations, warehouses, operations buildings, a hangar, a school building, and range facilities. Most construction was complete by the beginning of November 1943.[1]
World War II newspaper: Desert Bomber[2]
Coordinates38°03′19″N 117°05′19″W / 38.05528°N 117.08861°W / 38.05528; -117.08861 (Tonopah AAF)[3]
Typeair base
Code2096585 (GNIS)[3]
NV99799F603300 (FFID)[4]
J09NV0969 (FUDS)[5]
Site information
Controlled by413th Army Air Force Base Unit[6]
Conditionmunicipal airport
footnotes

Tonopah Air Force Base (Tonopah Army Air Field in World War II) is a Formerly Used Defense Site (FUDS)[4] in the USA that was a Tonopah Basin military installation until shortly after it was designated an Air Force Base in 1948. Two of the runways still in use are maintained by Nye County, Nevada; and World War II building foundations and three hangars of the base remain at the municipal Tonopah Airport.

Main gate at Tonopah AAF, 1944.

Background

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The Tonopah Mining District (38°07′29″N 117°15′02″W / 38.12472°N 117.25056°W / 38.12472; -117.25056 with Tonopah Manhattan Stage Route (38°04′06″N 117°10′03″W / 38.06833°N 117.16750°W / 38.06833; -117.16750) was an area of the 1900-1921 silver rush, and in September 1939, GHQ Air Force considered improving the airdrome at Tonopah.[dubious – discuss] After World War I, Nevada and other western inland states were surveyed by Capt. Lowell H. Smith and Sgt. William B. Whitefield for landing sites, and by "mid-1925 the Air Service possessed information on nearly thirty-five hundred landing places, including more than twenty-eight hundred emergency landing areas, in the United States."[7] The 1929 McCarran Field north of Las Vegas was used by the Army Air Corps for 1930s training flights. After the 1939 Invasion of Poland, the "western site board" had located a southern Nevada area "near Tonopah, Nev" by April 1940 for a military range,[8] and in October 1940, Air Corps Major David Schlatter surveyed the southwest United States for a military airfield.[9] "The 60 x 90 mile area at Tonopah was transferred to the War Department on 29 October 1940"[8] by Executive Order 8578.[10] The 1940 Tonopah Airport Committee was formed by the community to have an airstrip built[11] and although use of the range was delayed until December 1941,[8]: 51  the Civil Aeronautics Administration sponsored 1940 construction on a new airfield financed in part by the Works Progress Administration[citation needed]—the 79th Air Base Gp (adv det) became Las Vegas Army Airfield's 1st base operating unit on 17 June 1941, and its Air Corps Gunnery School began on 16 June.[12]

Range and base operations

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The Bombing and Gunnery Range Detachment was "the first organization to arrive at what [became] the Tonopah Army Air Field" after activating "1 July 1942 at Muroc Lake, California" (the commander, Lt. Col. F.D. Gore arrived 2 July.)[13] Ready for occupancy in July, the airbase included runways, barracks, mess halls and a hospital when finally occupied and when opened, was a sub-base of March Field.[citation needed] "The 2043rd and 2044th Quartermaster companies (colored) were activated at this field on 1 October 1942...and departed on 15 January 1943. The 1799th Ordnance Company was activated at this field on 1 December 1942 and departed for Santa Maria, California on 15 January 1943. Likewise, the 1404th Quartermaster Company was activated...and left for overseas the first part of May 1943. The 402nd Service Squadron was activated on this field on 6 January 1943 and departed on 2 September for POE."[13] In June 1944, Col. Patteson assumed command from Col Jacob W. McCrillis who had succeeded Gore in December 1941[14] (Lt Col Albert V. Walter was the December 1944 commander when a B-24 crashed).[15]

Training

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Through 31 November 1943, Tonopah AAF "aided in the training of 8 bombardment squadrons and 12 fighter squadrons."[13] The first planes to arrive were Bell P-39 Airacobra training fighters and by the beginning of 1943 there were 227 officers and 1,779 enlisted men at the field (e.g., of the 75th and 390th Bombardment Squadrons.) The 255th, 353rd and 356th squadrons[16] of the 354th Fighter Group arrived on January 18, 1943 and left at the beginning of March when squadrons[specify] of the 357th Fighter Group arrived. Tonopah crashes included those due to P-39 engine limitations at the airfield's altitude and temperatures. In June 1943, a B-24 group transferred to Tonopah from Mountain Home Army Airfield.[17]

class=notpageimage|
World War II Nevada military sites included Army Airfields (red) such as Tonopah and Army/Navy ranges ().[18] (Orange indicates the 5 Tonopah auxiliary fields, e.g., #5 is the Mellan Airstrip.[19])
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In September 1943 the base was shut down to expand for Consolidated B-24 Liberator training. By October 1943, about half of the personnel were moved temporarily to Bishop Army Air Field, California, in order to provide housing at Tonopah for construction contractors on a $3,000,000 project. Most construction was complete by the beginning of November 1943, and training facilities included a rifle range, pistol range, skeet ranges, turret trainers, bomb trainers equipped with Norden or Sperry sights, flexible gunnery trainers, navigation trainers, and schools for gunners and radio operators. Personnel at Bishop returned on November 1, 1943, and the 458th Bombardment Group arrived for training. When the 458th departed in January 1944, the 470th Bombardment Group arrived at Tonopah as a B-24 replacement training unit. In a March 31, 1944, reorganization the 470th was disbanded and its training functions being taken over by the 442nd Army Air Force Base Unit.

In the summer of 1944, a Field Test Unit of Wright Field's Special Weapons Branch* tested guided bombs (e.g., GB-4, GB-6 and the GB-8).[citation needed] The post exchange that had opened in August 1942 paid a 13 November 1943 dividend of $10,741.48, and the base's large bakery during 1943 and 1944 sold an average of 400 dozen doughnuts a day[citation needed] (a flightline doughnut shop opened in March 1945.[20] In October, 1944, there were 66 B-24 aircraft available for the training program and there were 1,264 officers and 5,273 enlisted men assigned to the base (437 officers, 3,707 enlisted men, and 184 civilians by March 1945).

Accidents associated with the base included an April 1944 crash near the field[21] and a 19 August 1944 B-24 training mission crash at the airfield. In 1945, five corporals at Tonopah developed a three-story tower trainer for gunnery crews to simulated firing at four simultaneous combat movies with "electric-eye ammunition".[22]

Post-war

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On 23 August 1945, the Fourth Air Force placed the Tonopah AAFld on inactive status, all training classes were stopped on August 26, and combat crew flight training was stopped soon after. By September 15 just four aircraft remained at the airfield, on October 15 the 442nd AAF Base Unit was discontinued and the field was made a sub-base of Hamilton Field, California, and on October 16 the War Department requested the Nevada World War II Army Airfield be retained.[23]

On 21 March 1946, Tonopah was a sub-base of Castle Field and transferred with Castle to Strategic Air Command[24]—by August 1946, there were just a few assigned personnel at the airfield. On 1 October 1946 after jurisdiction transferred to Clovis Army Air Field, the Tonopah sub-base was "satellited on the 200th Army Air Forces Base Unit (AAFBU), Colorado Springs, Colorado".[24] In June 1947 Tonopah AAF was declared excess along with its 3 auxiliary areas (Mizpah & Butler housing terraces and Columbia Junction gasoline unloading station).[25] In June 1948 the "Tonopah Bombing and Gunnery Range [transferred] from the Fifteenth Air Force to the Flying Division",[10] and Tonopah Air Force Base transferred to the "Corps of Engineers" on 21 August as surplus,[24] and was later turned over to the town of Tonopah as the Tonopah Airport, which occasionally has USAF or Department of Energy traffic. An open house was held on August 1[26] and by August 16, "large quantities" of house furnishings from Tonopah Air Force Base were arriving at Spokane Air Force Base.[27]

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A 1949 ordnance disposal team cleared "all lands within the Tonopah Air Force Base Gunnery Range, located approximately seven (7) miles east of Tonopah, Nevada",[28] and those "Tonopah Army Airfield Practice Bombing Ranges" (NV9799F9893 / J09NV1112, 38°1′29″N 117°8′8″W / 38.02472°N 117.13556°W / 38.02472; -117.13556) were subsequently designated FUDS. In addition to the AFB and the Tonopah Bombing Range (FUDS), by 2002 the Tonopah Rifle Range (NV99799F603400)[4] and the "Tonopah AFB Beacon Site Nos. 1-7"(NV9799F6031 / J09NV096738, 38°13′45″N 117°7′22″W / 38.22917°N 117.12278°W / 38.22917; -117.12278) were also designated FUDS.[29]

References

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*"The Special Weapons branch, now [22 October 1952] a part of the Development Operations Division, deputy for Operations, Wright Air Development Center, Air Research and Development Command, was established on or about January 1946".[30]

  1. ^ Ballantyne, Kurt (May 1979). Central Nevada's Glorious Past (excerpt at TonopahNevada.com). Retrieved 2013-10-22.
  2. ^ "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette - Google News Archive Search".
  3. ^ a b "Tonopah Army Air Field (2096585) 2096585". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
  4. ^ a b c The Federal Facility ID (FFID) for the "Tonopah AFB" FUDS is identified in filename "App-C-3.pdf": Table C-3 Status of Installations With Response Completed at All Sites As of September 30, 2002 (Report). Defense Environmental Restoration Program. p. C-3–11.
  5. ^ Programmatic Work Plan: Table 1.1 Master Site List (Report). MMRP SI Project - SW Region. February 8, 2010. pp. 1–17.
  6. ^ [full citation needed]Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
  7. ^ Maurer, Maurer. Aviation in the US Army, 1919-1939 (Report). ISBN 0-912799-38-2.
  8. ^ a b c Futrell, Robert F. (July 1947). Development of AAF Base Facilities in the United States: 1939-1945 (Report). Vol. ARS-69: US Air Force Historical Study No 69 (Copy No. 2). Air Historical Office. p. 250 (index).
  9. ^ Rininger, Tyson V. (2006). "History of Nellis Air Force Base". Red Flag: Air Combat for the 21st Century. ISBN 9780760325308. Retrieved 2013-06-10.
  10. ^ a b Final Inventory Project Report, Tonopah Bombing Range (Report). Project Number - J09NV1114. USACE Sacramento District. September 1999. Executive order 8578 was executed on October 29, 1940 for the withdrawal of 3,560,000 acres of land fiom the public domain for use by the War Department as an aerial bombing and gunnery range (CE0769). … In June 1948 the Air Force transferred the jurisdiction of Tonopah Bombing and Gunnery Range from the Fifteenth Air Force to the Flying Division, Air Training Command (McMullen 1947; Egge 1948)
  11. ^ JO9NV111401 December 2002 pdf 67
  12. ^ Mueller, Robert (1989). "Wright-Patterson Air Force Base" (PDF). Air Force Bases (Report). Vol. I: Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982. Office of Air Force History. p. 439. ISBN 0-912799-53-6. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  13. ^ a b c McCrillis, Col. Jacob W. Historical Report: 1 July 1942 - 1 November 1943 (Report). Headquarters, Tonopah Army Air Field. The Bombing and Gunnery Range Detachment, the first organization to arrive at what is now the Tonopah Army Air Field, was activated on 1 July 1942, at Muroc Lake, California … 1942…2 July…Lt. Col. F.D. Gore, the commanding Officer, arrived in a 3T-14 from Fourth Air Force … Up to 31 Novernber 1943 this field has aided in the training of 8 bombardment squadrons and 12 fighter squadrons. (published in 1999 Final Inventory Project Report, Appendix A--References--pdf 63)
  14. ^ "Patteson Named New Base Head: Colonel Assumes Tonopah Command" (NewspaperArchive.com transcript). Reno Evening Gazette. June 6, 1944. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
  15. ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WvIzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xO4HAAAAIBAJ&pg=5186,1509176&dq=tonopah-army-air&hl=en Dec 1944 B-24 crash description
  16. ^ [verification needed]Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units Of World War II (Report). Maxwell AFB: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-89201-092-4.
  17. ^ "BRIGADIER GENERAL GEORGE EDWARD MCCORD > U.S. Air Force > Biography Display".
  18. ^ Archive Search Report: Dixie Valley Bombing Target No. 21 (Report). Fallon AAS also used ranges at Black Rock, Sahwave, Lovelock Gunnery Range, Pyramid Lake (torpedo bombing range) and Bravo 19 (in the Blow Sand Mountains).
  19. ^ Mellan Airstrip re-opened in the 1980s for Nellis AFB combat landing training for airlift forces. The type of aircraft used are described as including "C/MC/AC-130, C-17, C-160, C-235, & C-222".
  20. ^ "Mineral County Independent-News - Google News Archive Search".
  21. ^ Apr 1944 B-24 crash description
  22. ^ "Mineral County Independent-News - Google News Archive Search".
  23. ^ "Army Asks to Keep 85 AAF Stations". New York Times. October 16, 1945. WASHINGTON, Oct. 15--As an interim proposal pending congressional determination of the size of the post-war Army Air Forces, the War Department recommended today retention of eighty-five domestic flying fields, depots, schools, hospitals and other major installations. ... Avon Park Army Atr Field. Avon Park, Fla.... Myrtle Beach Army Air Field...Tonopah Army Air Field. Tonopah, Nev. Tyndall Field, Panama City. Fla .
  24. ^ a b c History of Strategic Air Command: Chapter III Operations and Training (partial transcript at AlternateWars.com) (Report). Vol. Historical Study No. 61. Historical Division, SAC Office of Information. Retrieved 2013-09-27. Dated 21 March, year unknown – declassified 11 October 1991.
  25. ^ McMullen, Maj Gen Clements (13 June 1947), Excess Declaration, Tonopah Army Air Field (letter), Pursuant to the authority contained in PAF Regulation 85-3,…this command has no longer a military need for Tonopah Amy Air Field and its auxiliary facilities, … Tonopah Army Air Field contains 21,912.09 acres of land, government-owed, transferred.to the War Department, from the Department of Interior, There are two (2) asphalt concrete runways 8910' long, 150' wide … auxiliary facilities are declared excess: (1) Mizpah Housing Terrace (2) Butler Housing Terrace (3) Columbia Junction (gasoline unloading station) … for retention: (1) Tonopah Bombing and Gunnery Range
  26. ^ "Mineral County Independent-News - Google News Archive Search".
  27. ^ "Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search".
  28. ^ Sainato, 1st Lt Joseph P (19 October 1949), Certificate, Bomb and Shell Disposal Team (Office of the Chief of Engineers: 9800 TSU Detachment No. 14){{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) (pdf p. 78 of Final Inventory Project Report, Tonopah Bombing Range
  29. ^ FUDS -- IM2009-195_att1.xls
  30. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-15. Retrieved 2013-10-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  • Thole, Lou (2003). Forgotten Fields of America, Volume III. Pictorial Histories Publishing Co. Inc ISBN 1-57510-102-5
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