User:Dinkytown/Sandbox
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I'm working on this sand box below...
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 | "To each accourding to his abilities, to each accourding to his needs." – Karl Marx |
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Working on Article[edit]Sami during the Black Death In 1351 when the Black Death came to Norway, the country suffered in disproportionate numbers compared to the rest of Europe. In has been estimated that northern Norway suffered up to a 90% death rate compared to the rest of the Norwegain population. The reason for this high death rate has been suggested that the closed, cramped confines of northern Scandinavian housing and the movement of the fleas in flour barrels during the period. Since cerials could not be grown in northern Norway, the fleas that carried the desiese were transported in flour barrels. However during this time, the Sami lived predominately from reindeer, may have suffered little from the desiese compared to the Norwagians. From the Norwegian governments point of view, Face with the loss of tax revinues from these vacant farmsteds, the Norwegain government invited the Sami to settle on the abandoned farms in an effort to get these farms back on the tax roles. It is from this point onward that the differing economic niche between the Sea Sami and the interior Reindeer Sami became firmly established. other[edit]from the François Bernier Wikipedia:ARCHIVE Les « zoos humains » se trouvent ainsi au confluent d’un racisme populaire et de l’objectivation scientifique de la hiérarchie raciale, tous deux portés par l’expansion coloniale. The “human zoos” are thus with the confluence of a popular racism and scientific objectivation of the racial hierarchy, both carried by the colonial expansion. examination of the scientific racism and racial classification movement that was considered an accepted fact by Scandinavian scientists from the early 1800s until very recently. This included the plundering of Sami graves for their skeletons and the forced sterilization of the Sami and other peoples in Scandinavia who were viewed as competing with the "noble races", as part of a larger eugenics program. social darwinism
Wait a minute here – what source do we have that the Sami were not the first indigenous group to arrive in Scandinavia? What was the name of the previous group of people who were there? To the best of my knowledge, those people do not have a name – or they do not exist… The Sami have existed before the Norwegians and Swedes as they were late comers to Scandinavia. There is ample evidence that shows that the Sami were pushed further north over the centuries by the Norwegians, Swedes and Finns, and that they (Sami) are/were very isolated from the rest of other European cultures/peoples. The indigenous statement should stay as describes their status in Scandinavia. Dinkytown (talk) 19:03, 20 June 2008 (UTC) Per 80.212.84.133 above, being the absolute first people to inhabit a region is not a prerequisite to claim or identity as an indigenous people - please review the content of that article for confirmation. That the Sami have claimed (and have acheived some recognition) as an indigenous people is confirmed by many observations and submissions made to international bodies such as the UN's WGIP, and is reflected in aspects of their legal status in the Scandanavian countries in which they reside.--cjllw | TALK 01:26, 6 April 2006 (UTC) This is not correct. According to most definitions, it is actually a requirement to be the decendants of the first people that inhabit a region. This is so according to the definition by the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP), for example. The ILO definition is an exception that is used by Saami activists to justify the highly misleading claim of being an "indigenous" group. The term indigenous is highly misleading and should be removed from the page. Khoios (talk) 00:14, 19 June 2008 (UTC) I don’t what you mean by ”according to most definitions…” I would like to see some sources that claim that statement. There are many nationalists within Scandinavia that would like to discredit Sami indigenousness as this would be ammunition against Sami land claim rights. Here is an excerpt from the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations (WGIP), page eight, that you cited [1]: Who are indigenous peoples? The international community has not adopted a definition of indigenous peoples and the prevailing view today is that no formal universal definition is necessary for the recognition and protection of their rights… What follows is a brief overview of some of the existing attempts to outline the characteristics of indigenous peoples: • The ILO’s Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) applies to: o Tribal peoples whose social, cultural and economic conditions distinguish them from other sections of the national community, and whose status is regulated wholly or partially by their own customs or traditions or by special laws or regulations. (Sami fall into this category: Dinkytown’s statement) o Peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country… at the time of conquest or colonisation or the establishment of present state boundaries. (Sami fall into this category: Dinkytown’s statement) o The Convention also states that self-identification (italic mine) as indigenous or tribal shall be regarded as a fundamental criterion for determining the groups to which the provisions of this Convention apply. (Sami consider themselves indigenous: Dinkytown’s statement) The UN indeed does address and recognize the Sami as indiginious, so your statement is false.
I will admit that the statement of forced sterilization may be out of line for the present, but when I wrote that statement on this talk page, the Sami article paragraph that dealt with Sami genetics was pretty repulsive. There was a source that I found that described that ‘some’ Sami were coerced, however this has not been supported by other sources. The statement of forced sterilization is not in the main article. That “9%” is/can be very misleading, there are many statements to the fact that coercion was often used for this sterilization program. Would coercion be considered force? Then you are wrong – if not, then maybe… The foundation of the Nazi eugenics program was based on (among others) a book by Alfred Hoche and Karl Binding, called Life Unworthy of Life (maybe that’s a hint…) in 1920. In that book they describe a category of people called ‘social turmoil’. Jews, Communists, criminals, prostitutes – and Sami, were all included in this group and should be considered for elimination as they have ‘no social value’. For the most part, the Sami were not targeted as a group until the end of the war, mostly because of the isolation, difficulty in confining them, and distance from the labor camp system in the rest of Europe. However, towards the end of the war, there were/are many stories about the elimination of the Sami in Nazi controlled areas of Norway, though the Sami never suffered to the same extent as the Jews, Roma, and other groups.
THERE IS MUCH EVIDENCE TO PROVE THAT SAAMIS WERE FORCIBLY STERILIZED, THOUGH THE SWEDES MAY NOT HAVE KEPT THEIR COPIES OF DOCUMENTATION THE GERMANS DID. JOSEPH MENGELE REFERENCES THE SWEDISH RACE BIOLOGY INSTITUTE ALL THE TIME. IT WAS PRETTY MUCH HIS ONLY SOURCE MATERIAL. THAT AND THE EUGENICS CLEARING HOUSE IN NEW YORK. THERE IS ALSO EVIDENCE TO PROVE THAT CERTAIN PEOPLES ACTUALLY ATTEMPTED TO REMOVE ALL SIGNS OF SAAMIS FROM THE PLANET. CHECK OUT THE GERMANS PLANS FOR 'A MUSEUM OF EXTINCT PEOPLES'. “Legally insane”? Is your definition of “insane” to include acute depression? Because that was a diagnosis for this coercive sterilization program. And only “9%” were forced into this – I’m so relieved…. The Sami were only one of several groups that were targeted, but yes, I will admit it wasn’t like the Nazi T4 program. However the Nazi’s did study the Swedish sterilization programs before them implemented theirs. Sami[edit]
Tags that I use often - These are not communications to me[edit]
1957[edit]Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989[edit]
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 is an International Labour Organization Convention. It was established in 1989, with the preamble stating:
Modifications[edit]This Convention revised Convention C107 Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957 Ratifications[edit]
References[edit]
External links[edit]
C169 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 Convention concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries (Note: Date of coming into force: 05:09:1991.) Convention:C169 Place:Geneva Session of the Conference:76 Date of adoption:27:06:1989 Subject classification: Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Subject: Indigenous and Tribal Peoples See the ratifications for this Convention Display the document in: French Spanish Status: Up-to-date instrument This Convention was adopted after 1985 and is considered up to date. The General Conference of the International Labour Organisation, Having been convened at Geneva by the Governing Body of the International Labour Office, and having met in its 76th Session on 7 June 1989, and Noting the international standards contained in the Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention and Recommendation, 1957, and Recalling the terms of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the many international instruments on the prevention of discrimination, and Considering that the developments which have taken place in international law since 1957, as well as developments in the situation of indigenous and tribal peoples in all regions of the world, have made it appropriate to adopt new international standards on the subject with a view to removing the assimilationist orientation of the earlier standards, and Recognising the aspirations of these peoples to exercise control over their own institutions, ways of life and economic development and to maintain and develop their identities, languages and religions, within the framework of the States in which they live, and Noting that in many parts of the world these peoples are unable to enjoy their fundamental human rights to the same degree as the rest of the population of the States within which they live, and that their laws, values, customs and perspectives have often been eroded, and Calling attention to the distinctive contributions of indigenous and tribal peoples to the cultural diversity and social and ecological harmony of humankind and to international co-operation and understanding, and Noting that the following provisions have been framed with the co-operation of the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation and the World Health Organisation, as well as of the Inter-American Indian Institute, at appropriate levels and in their respective fields, and that it is proposed to continue this co-operation in promoting and securing the application of these provisions, and Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to the partial revision of the Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957 (No. 107), which is the fourth item on the agenda of the session, and Having determined that these proposals shall take the form of an international Convention revising the Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957; adopts this twenty-seventh day of June of the year one thousand nine hundred and eighty-nine the following Convention, which may be cited as the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989; PART I. GENERAL POLICY Article 1 1. This Convention applies to: (a) tribal peoples in independent countries whose social, cultural and economic conditions distinguish them from other sections of the national community, and whose status is regulated wholly or partially by their own customs or traditions or by special laws or regulations; (b) peoples in independent countries who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or a geographical region to which the country belongs, at the time of conquest or colonisation or the establishment of present state boundaries and who, irrespective of their legal status, retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions. 2. Self-identification as indigenous or tribal shall be regarded as a fundamental criterion for determining the groups to which the provisions of this Convention apply. 3. The use of the term peoples in this Convention shall not be construed as having any implications as regards the rights which may attach to the term under international law. Article 2 1. Governments shall have the responsibility for developing, with the participation of the peoples concerned, co-ordinated and systematic action to protect the rights of these peoples and to guarantee respect for their integrity. 2. Such action shall include measures for: (a) ensuring that members of these peoples benefit on an equal footing from the rights and opportunities which national laws and regulations grant to other members of the population; (b) promoting the full realisation of the social, economic and cultural rights of these peoples with respect for their social and cultural identity, their customs and traditions and their institutions; (c) assisting the members of the peoples concerned to eliminate socio-economic gaps that may exist between indigenous and other members of the national community, in a manner compatible with their aspirations and ways of life. Article 3 1. Indigenous and tribal peoples shall enjoy the full measure of human rights and fundamental freedoms without hindrance or discrimination. The provisions of the Convention shall be applied without discrimination to male and female members of these peoples. 2. No form of force or coercion shall be used in violation of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of the peoples concerned, including the rights contained in this Convention. Article 4 1. Special measures shall be adopted as appropriate for safeguarding the persons, institutions, property, labour, cultures and environment of the peoples concerned. 2. Such special measures shall not be contrary to the freely-expressed wishes of the peoples concerned. 3. Enjoyment of the general rights of citizenship, without discrimination, shall not be prejudiced in any way by such special measures. Article 5 In applying the provisions of this Convention: (a) the social, cultural, religious and spiritual values and practices of these peoples shall be recognised and protected, and due account shall be taken of the nature of the problems which face them both as groups and as individuals; (b) the integrity of the values, practices and institutions of these peoples shall be respected; (c) policies aimed at mitigating the difficulties experienced by these peoples in facing new conditions of life and work shall be adopted, with the participation and co-operation of the peoples affected. Article 6 1. In applying the provisions of this Convention, governments shall: (a) consult the peoples concerned, through appropriate procedures and in particular through their representative institutions, whenever consideration is being given to legislative or administrative measures which may affect them directly; (b) establish means by which these peoples can freely participate, to at least the same extent as other sectors of the population, at all levels of decision-making in elective institutions and administrative and other bodies responsible for policies and programmes which concern them; (c) establish means for the full development of these peoples' own institutions and initiatives, and in appropriate cases provide the resources necessary for this purpose. 2. The consultations carried out in application of this Convention shall be undertaken, in good faith and in a form appropriate to the circumstances, with the objective of achieving agreement or consent to the proposed measures. Article 7 1. The peoples concerned shall have the right to decide their own priorities for the process of development as it affects their lives, beliefs, institutions and spiritual well-being and the lands they occupy or otherwise use, and to exercise control, to the extent possible, over their own economic, social and cultural development. In addition, they shall participate in the formulation, implementation and evaluation of plans and programmes for national and regional development which may affect them directly. 2. The improvement of the conditions of life and work and levels of health and education of the peoples concerned, with their participation and co-operation, shall be a matter of priority in plans for the overall economic development of areas they inhabit. Special projects for development of the areas in question shall also be so designed as to promote such improvement. 3. Governments shall ensure that, whenever appropriate, studies are carried out, in co-operation with the peoples concerned, to assess the social, spiritual, cultural and environmental impact on them of planned development activities. The results of these studies shall be considered as fundamental criteria for the implementation of these activities. 4. Governments shall take measures, in co-operation with the peoples concerned, to protect and preserve the environment of the territories they inhabit. Article 8 1. In applying national laws and regulations to the peoples concerned, due regard shall be had to their customs or customary laws. 2. These peoples shall have the right to retain their own customs and institutions, where these are not incompatible with fundamental rights defined by the national legal system and with internationally recognised human rights. Procedures shall be established, whenever necessary, to resolve conflicts which may arise in the application of this principle. 3. The application of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article shall not prevent members of these peoples from exercising the rights granted to all citizens and from assuming the corresponding duties. Article 9 1. To the extent compatible with the national legal system and internationally recognised human rights, the methods customarily practised by the peoples concerned for dealing with offences committed by their members shall be respected. 2. The customs of these peoples in regard to penal matters shall be taken into consideration by the authorities and courts dealing with such cases. Article 10 1. In imposing penalties laid down by general law on members of these peoples account shall be taken of their economic, social and cultural characteristics. 2. Preference shall be given to methods of punishment other than confinement in prison. Article 11 The exaction from members of the peoples concerned of compulsory personal services in any form, whether paid or unpaid, shall be prohibited and punishable by law, except in cases prescribed by law for all citizens. Article 12 The peoples concerned shall be safeguarded against the abuse of their rights and shall be able to take legal proceedings, either individually or through their representative bodies, for the effective protection of these rights. Measures shall be taken to ensure that members of these peoples can understand and be understood in legal proceedings, where necessary through the provision of interpretation or by other effective means. PART II. LAND Article 13 1. In applying the provisions of this Part of the Convention governments shall respect the special importance for the cultures and spiritual values of the peoples concerned of their relationship with the lands or territories, or both as applicable, which they occupy or otherwise use, and in particular the collective aspects of this relationship. 2. The use of the term lands in Articles 15 and 16 shall include the concept of territories, which covers the total environment of the areas which the peoples concerned occupy or otherwise use. Article 14 1. The rights of ownership and possession of the peoples concerned over the lands which they traditionally occupy shall be recognised. In addition, measures shall be taken in appropriate cases to safeguard the right of the peoples concerned to use lands not exclusively occupied by them, but to which they have traditionally had access for their subsistence and traditional activities. Particular attention shall be paid to the situation of nomadic peoples and shifting cultivators in this respect. 2. Governments shall take steps as necessary to identify the lands which the peoples concerned traditionally occupy, and to guarantee effective protection of their rights of ownership and possession. 3. Adequate procedures shall be established within the national legal system to resolve land claims by the peoples concerned. Article 15 1. The rights of the peoples concerned to the natural resources pertaining to their lands shall be specially safeguarded. These rights include the right of these peoples to participate in the use, management and conservation of these resources. 2. In cases in which the State retains the ownership of mineral or sub-surface resources or rights to other resources pertaining to lands, governments shall establish or maintain procedures through which they shall consult these peoples, with a view to ascertaining whether and to what degree their interests would be prejudiced, before undertaking or permitting any programmes for the exploration or exploitation of such resources pertaining to their lands. The peoples concerned shall wherever possible participate in the benefits of such activities, and shall receive fair compensation for any damages which they may sustain as a result of such activities. Article 16 1. Subject to the following paragraphs of this Article, the peoples concerned shall not be removed from the lands which they occupy. 2. Where the relocation of these peoples is considered necessary as an exceptional measure, such relocation shall take place only with their free and informed consent. Where their consent cannot be obtained, such relocation shall take place only following appropriate procedures established by national laws and regulations, including public inquiries where appropriate, which provide the opportunity for effective representation of the peoples concerned. 3. Whenever possible, these peoples shall have the right to return to their traditional lands, as soon as the grounds for relocation cease to exist. 4. When such return is not possible, as determined by agreement or, in the absence of such agreement, through appropriate procedures, these peoples shall be provided in all possible cases with lands of quality and legal status at least equal to that of the lands previously occupied by them, suitable to provide for their present needs and future development. Where the peoples concerned express a preference for compensation in money or in kind, they shall be so compensated under appropriate guarantees. 5. Persons thus relocated shall be fully compensated for any resulting loss or injury. Article 17 1. Procedures established by the peoples concerned for the transmission of land rights among members of these peoples shall be respected. 2. The peoples concerned shall be consulted whenever consideration is being given to their capacity to alienate their lands or otherwise transmit their rights outside their own community. 3. Persons not belonging to these peoples shall be prevented from taking advantage of their customs or of lack of understanding of the laws on the part of their members to secure the ownership, possession or use of land belonging to them. Article 18 Adequate penalties shall be established by law for unauthorised intrusion upon, or use of, the lands of the peoples concerned, and governments shall take measures to prevent such offences. Article 19 National agrarian programmes shall secure to the peoples concerned treatment equivalent to that accorded to other sectors of the population with regard to: (a) the provision of more land for these peoples when they have not the area necessary for providing the essentials of a normal existence, or for any possible increase in their numbers; (b) the provision of the means required to promote the development of the lands which these peoples already possess. PART III. RECRUITMENT AND CONDITIONS OF EMPLOYMENT Article 20 1. Governments shall, within the framework of national laws and regulations, and in co-operation with the peoples concerned, adopt special measures to ensure the effective protection with regard to recruitment and conditions of employment of workers belonging to these peoples, to the extent that they are not effectively protected by laws applicable to workers in general. 2. Governments shall do everything possible to prevent any discrimination between workers belonging to the peoples concerned and other workers, in particular as regards: (a) admission to employment, including skilled employment, as well as measures for promotion and advancement; (b) equal remuneration for work of equal value; (c) medical and social assistance, occupational safety and health, all social security benefits and any other occupationally related benefits, and housing; (d) the right of association and freedom for all lawful trade union activities, and the right to conclude collective agreements with employers or employers' organisations. 3. The measures taken shall include measures to ensure: (a) that workers belonging to the peoples concerned, including seasonal, casual and migrant workers in agricultural and other employment, as well as those employed by labour contractors, enjoy the protection afforded by national law and practice to other such workers in the same sectors, and that they are fully informed of their rights under labour legislation and of the means of redress available to them; (b) that workers belonging to these peoples are not subjected to working conditions hazardous to their health, in particular through exposure to pesticides or other toxic substances; (c) that workers belonging to these peoples are not subjected to coercive recruitment systems, including bonded labour and other forms of debt servitude; (d) that workers belonging to these peoples enjoy equal opportunities and equal treatment in employment for men and women, and protection from sexual harassment. 4. Particular attention shall be paid to the establishment of adequate labour inspection services in areas where workers belonging to the peoples concerned undertake wage employment, in order to ensure compliance with the provisions of this Part of this Convention. PART IV. VOCATIONAL TRAINING, HANDICRAFTS AND RURAL INDUSTRIES Article 21 Members of the peoples concerned shall enjoy opportunities at least equal to those of other citizens in respect of vocational training measures. Article 22 1. Measures shall be taken to promote the voluntary participation of members of the peoples concerned in vocational training programmes of general application. 2. Whenever existing programmes of vocational training of general application do not meet the special needs of the peoples concerned, governments shall, with the participation of these peoples, ensure the provision of special training programmes and facilities. 3. Any special training programmes shall be based on the economic environment, social and cultural conditions and practical needs of the peoples concerned. Any studies made in this connection shall be carried out in co-operation with these peoples, who shall be consulted on the organisation and operation of such programmes. Where feasible, these peoples shall progressively assume responsibility for the organisation and operation of such special training programmes, if they so decide. Article 23 1. Handicrafts, rural and community-based industries, and subsistence economy and traditional activities of the peoples concerned, such as hunting, fishing, trapping and gathering, shall be recognised as important factors in the maintenance of their cultures and in their economic self-reliance and development. Governments shall, with the participation of these people and whenever appropriate, ensure that these activities are strengthened and promoted. 2. Upon the request of the peoples concerned, appropriate technical and financial assistance shall be provided wherever possible, taking into account the traditional technologies and cultural characteristics of these peoples, as well as the importance of sustainable and equitable development. PART V. SOCIAL SECURITY AND HEALTH Article 24 Social security schemes shall be extended progressively to cover the peoples concerned, and applied without discrimination against them. Article 25 1. Governments shall ensure that adequate health services are made available to the peoples concerned, or shall provide them with resources to allow them to design and deliver such services under their own responsibility and control, so that they may enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. 2. Health services shall, to the extent possible, be community-based. These services shall be planned and administered in co-operation with the peoples concerned and take into account their economic, geographic, social and cultural conditions as well as their traditional preventive care, healing practices and medicines. 3. The health care system shall give preference to the training and employment of local community health workers, and focus on primary health care while maintaining strong links with other levels of health care services. 4. The provision of such health services shall be co-ordinated with other social, economic and cultural measures in the country. PART VI. EDUCATION AND MEANS OF COMMUNICATION Article 26 Measures shall be taken to ensure that members of the peoples concerned have the opportunity to acquire education at all levels on at least an equal footing with the rest of the national community. Article 27 1. Education programmes and services for the peoples concerned shall be developed and implemented in co-operation with them to address their special needs, and shall incorporate their histories, their knowledge and technologies, their value systems and their further social, economic and cultural aspirations. 2. The competent authority shall ensure the training of members of these peoples and their involvement in the formulation and implementation of education programmes, with a view to the progressive transfer of responsibility for the conduct of these programmes to these peoples as appropriate. 3. In addition, governments shall recognise the right of these peoples to establish their own educational institutions and facilities, provided that such institutions meet minimum standards established by the competent authority in consultation with these peoples. Appropriate resources shall be provided for this purpose. Article 28 1. Children belonging to the peoples concerned shall, wherever practicable, be taught to read and write in their own indigenous language or in the language most commonly used by the group to which they belong. When this is not practicable, the competent authorities shall undertake consultations with these peoples with a view to the adoption of measures to achieve this objective. 2. Adequate measures shall be taken to ensure that these peoples have the opportunity to attain fluency in the national language or in one of the official languages of the country. 3. Measures shall be taken to preserve and promote the development and practice of the indigenous languages of the peoples concerned. Article 29 The imparting of general knowledge and skills that will help children belonging to the peoples concerned to participate fully and on an equal footing in their own community and in the national community shall be an aim of education for these peoples. Article 30 1. Governments shall adopt measures appropriate to the traditions and cultures of the peoples concerned, to make known to them their rights and duties, especially in regard to labour, economic opportunities, education and health matters, social welfare and their rights deriving from this Convention. 2. If necessary, this shall be done by means of written translations and through the use of mass communications in the languages of these peoples. Article 31 Educational measures shall be taken among all sections of the national community, and particularly among those that are in most direct contact with the peoples concerned, with the object of eliminating prejudices that they may harbour in respect of these peoples. To this end, efforts shall be made to ensure that history textbooks and other educational materials provide a fair, accurate and informative portrayal of the societies and cultures of these peoples. PART VII. CONTACTS AND CO-OPERATION ACROSS BORDERS Article 32 Governments shall take appropriate measures, including by means of international agreements, to facilitate contacts and co-operation between indigenous and tribal peoples across borders, including activities in the economic, social, cultural, spiritual and environmental fields. PART VIII. ADMINISTRATION Article 33 1. The governmental authority responsible for the matters covered in this Convention shall ensure that agencies or other appropriate mechanisms exist to administer the programmes affecting the peoples concerned, and shall ensure that they have the means necessary for the proper fulfilment of the functions assigned to them. 2. These programmes shall include: (a) the planning, co-ordination, execution and evaluation, in co-operation with the peoples concerned, of the measures provided for in this Convention; (b) the proposing of legislative and other measures to the competent authorities and supervision of the application of the measures taken, in co-operation with the peoples concerned. PART IX. GENERAL PROVISIONS Article 34 The nature and scope of the measures to be taken to give effect to this Convention shall be determined in a flexible manner, having regard to the conditions characteristic of each country. Article 35 The application of the provisions of this Convention shall not adversely affect rights and benefits of the peoples concerned pursuant to other Conventions and Recommendations, international instruments, treaties, or national laws, awards, custom or agreements. PART X. FINAL PROVISIONS Article 36 This Convention revises the Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957. Article 37 The formal ratifications of this Convention shall be communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Article 38 1. This Convention shall be binding only upon those Members of the International Labour Organisation whose ratifications have been registered with the Director-General. 2. It shall come into force twelve months after the date on which the ratifications of two Members have been registered with the Director-General. 3. Thereafter, this Convention shall come into force for any Member twelve months after the date on which its ratification has been registered. Article 39 1. A Member which has ratified this Convention may denounce it after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the Convention first comes into force, by an act communicated to the Director-General of the International Labour Office for registration. Such denunciation shall not take effect until one year after the date on which it is registered. 2. Each Member which has ratified this Convention and which does not, within the year following the expiration of the period of ten years mentioned in the preceding paragraph, exercise the right of denunciation provided for in this Article, will be bound for another period of ten years and, thereafter, may denounce this Convention at the expiration of each period of ten years under the terms provided for in this Article. Article 40 1. The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall notify all Members of the International Labour Organisation of the registration of all ratifications and denunciations communicated to him by the Members of the Organisation. 2. When notifying the Members of the Organisation of the registration of the second ratification communicated to him, the Director-General shall draw the attention of the Members of the Organisation to the date upon which the Convention will come into force. Article 41 The Director-General of the International Labour Office shall communicate to the Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations full particulars of all ratifications and acts of denunciation registered by him in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Articles. Article 42 At such times as it may consider necessary the Governing Body of the International Labour Office shall present to the General Conference a report on the working of this Convention and shall examine the desirability of placing on the agenda of the Conference the question of its revision in whole or in part. Article 43 1. Should the Conference adopt a new Convention revising this Convention in whole or in part, then, unless the new Convention otherwise provides- (a) the ratification by a Member of the new revising Convention shall ipso jure involve the immediate denunciation of this Convention, notwithstanding the provisions of Article 39 above, if and when the new revising Convention shall have come into force; (b) as from the date when the new revising Convention comes into force this Convention shall cease to be open to ratification by the Members. 2. This Convention shall in any case remain in force in its actual form and content for those Members which have ratified it but have not ratified the revising Convention. Article 44 The English and French versions of the text of this Convention are equally authoritative. Cross references Conventions: C107 Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957 Recommendations:R104 Indigenous and Tribal Populations Recommendation, 1957 Revised: C107 This Convention revises the Indigenous and Tribal Populations Convention, 1957
ILO Home NORMES home ILOLEX home Universal Query NATLEX The Origins of the Norwegian ‘Sea Sami’[edit]The Black Death[edit]Up until the introduction of the Black Death of 1349 in northern Norway, the Sami and Norwegians lived very separate economic niches. The Sami, living in the interiors of the mainland of Scandinavia and on the Lofoten and Vesterålen Islands, hunted reindeer or fished for their own livelihood. The Norwegians, living on the outer fjords were connected to the greater European trade routes, did marginal farming in the Nordland, Troms, and Finnmark counties, and fished for trade in the south.[1] The two groups co-existed using two different food resources.[1] This social economic balance greatly changed with the introduction of the Black Death in December, 1349 in northern Norway. The Norwegians, closely connected to the greater European trade routes where the plague traveled through, were decimated at a far higher rate than in the south. Of all the states in the region, Norway suffered the most from this plague.[2] 60-76% of the north Norwegian farms were abandoned following the plague,[3] while land-rents - another possible measure of the population numbers, dropped down to the level between 28-9%.[4] Although the population of northern Norway is sparse compared to southern Europe, the spread of the disease was just as rapid.[5] The method of movement of the plague-infested flea (Venopsylla cheopsis) was through wooden barrels holding wheat, rye, or wool from the south, where the fleas could live - even reproduce, for several months at a time.[6] The Sami, having a non-wheat or rye diet, living on the interior islands and mainland on reindeer meat, wearing animal skins and furs, and were not as strongly connected to the European trade routes, faired far better from the plague than the Norwegians.[7] The Sami and the North Norwegian fishing industry[edit]The fishing along the north Norwegian coast, especially in the Lofoten and Vesterallen islands, are quite productive with a variety of fish, and during medieval times it was a major source of income for both the fisherman and the Norwegian monarchy.[8] With such massive population drops, the tax revenues from this industry were greatly diminished. Because of the huge economic profits that could had from the fisheries of the Norwegian northern coasts, the local authorities offered incentives to the Sami - faced with their own population pressures - to settle on the newly vacant farms.[9] This started the economic division between the ‘Sea Sami’ (sjosamene) who fished extensively off the coast, and the ‘Mountain Sami’ (fjellsamene, innlandssamene) who continued to hunt, and later heard reindeer. Even as late as the early 1700s, there were many Sami who were still settling on these farms left abandoned from the 1350s.[10][11] After many years of continuous migration, these 'Sea Sami' became far more numerous than the original reindeer mountain Sami, who today only make up ten percent of the total Sami population.
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