ζεῦγος

See also: ζεύγος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *yéwgos (“team of yoked animals”). See also ζεύγνυμι (zeúgnumi, “to join”).

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /zdêu̯.ɡos/ → /ˈzeβ.ɣos/ → /ˈzev.ɣos/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /zdêu̯.ɡos/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈzew.ɡos/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈzeβ.ɣos/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈzev.ɣos/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈzev.ɣos/

Noun

ζεῦγος • (zeûgos) n (genitive ζεύγεος or ζεύγους); third declension

1. pair (two things, persons or animals considered as pair)
   • 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 870:

     ζεῦγος πριάμενος ἐμβάδων τουτὶ φορεῖν δίδωμι.

     zeûgos priámenos embádōn toutì phoreîn dídōmi.

     I have bought this pair of shoes, I am giving them to you to wear.

   • 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 40:

     Μενέλαος ἄναξ ἠδ’ Ἀγαμέμνων, ... ὀχυρὸν ζεῦγος Ἀτρειδᾶν

     Menélaos ánax ēd’ Agamémnōn, ... okhuròn zeûgos Atreidân

     King Menelaos, Agamemnon King, ... the mighty yoke-pair of the sons of Atreus.

   • 50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of Luke 2:24:

     καὶ τοῦ δοῦναι θυσίαν κατὰ τὸ εἰρημένον ἐν νόμῳ Κυρίου, «Ζεῦγος τρυγόνων ἢ δύο νεοσσούς περιστερῶν».

     kaì toû doûnai thusían katà tò eirēménon en nómōi Kuríou, «Zeûgos trugónōn ḕ dúo neossoús peristerôn».

     and to give a sacrifice according to what's said in the law of the LORD, "A pair of turtledoves or two chicks of pigeons".

2. yoke (two animals joined together)
   • 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.542:

     πολλοὶ δ’ ἀροτῆρες ἐν αὐτῇ ζεύγεα δινεύοντες ἐλάστρεον ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα.

     polloì d’ arotêres en autêi zeúgea dineúontes elástreon éntha kaì éntha.

     • 1924 translation by A.T. Murray

       and ploughers full many therein were wheeling their yokes and driving them this way and that.

   • 50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of Luke 14:19:

     Καὶ ἕτερος εἶπε, "Ζεύγη βοῶν ηγόρασα πέντε, και πορεύομαι δοκιμάσαι αὐτά. Ἐρωτῶ σε, ἔχε με παρῃτημένον."

     Kaì héteros eîpe, "Zeúgē boôn ēgórasa pénte, kai poreúomai dokimásai autá. Erōtô se, ékhe me parēitēménon."

     And another said, "I bought five yoke of oxen, and I'm going to test them. Please have me excused."

3. a vehicle drawn by two or more animals, carriage, chariot
4. two persons or animals of different sex, in common bond, liaison
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 7.18:

     τό ζεῦγος τοῦτο συντεθεικέναι ὃ καλεῖται θῆλυ καὶ ἄρρεν

     tó zeûgos toûto suntetheikénai hò kaleîtai thêlu kaì árrhen

     [the gods] have put together the pair of what we call female and male.

5. by two, in set of two

   See expressions

   • 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia 7.II.93e:

     κατά ζεῦγος φιλίας λέγονται... Ἀχιλλεὺς καὶ Πάτροκλος, Ὀρέστης καὶ Πυλάδης, Φιντίας καὶ Δάμων

     katá zeûgos philías légontai... Akhilleùs kaì Pátroklos, Oréstēs kaì Puládēs, Phintías kaì Dámōn

     as pairs of friendship we call... Achilles and Patroclus, Orestes and Pylades, Findias and Damon.

6. a set of more than two
   • 415 BCE, Euripides, The Trojan Women 924:

     ἔκρινε τρισσὸν ζεῦγος ὅδε τριῶν θεῶν

     ékrine trissòn zeûgos hóde triôn theôn

     he [Paris] judged the triple pair, group of goddesses.

8. (music) double reed of a wind instrument (e.g. flute)
   • 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 4.II.4
10. (Byzantine) plethron, equivalent of a land area ploughed by two oxen in one day

    Synonym: πλέθρον (pléthron)

    • Cod.Just., 0 27.2
      (Codex Iustinianus)

Inflection

Third declension of τὸ ζεῦγος; τοῦ ζεύγους (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ ζεῦγος tò zeûgos	τὼ ζεύγει tṑ zeúgei	τᾰ̀ ζεύγη tà zeúgē
Genitive	τοῦ ζεύγους toû zeúgous	τοῖν ζευγοῖν toîn zeugoîn	τῶν ζευγῶν tôn zeugôn
Dative	τῷ ζεύγει tôi zeúgei	τοῖν ζευγοῖν toîn zeugoîn	τοῖς ζεύγεσῐ / ζεύγεσῐν toîs zeúgesi(n)
Accusative	τὸ ζεῦγος tò zeûgos	τὼ ζεύγει tṑ zeúgei	τᾰ̀ ζεύγη tà zeúgē
Vocative	ζεῦγος zeûgos	ζεύγει zeúgei	ζεύγη zeúgē
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Third declension of ζεῦγος; ζεύγεος (Epic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ζεῦγος zeûgos	ζεύγει / ζεύγεε zeúgei / zeúgee	ζεύγεᾰ zeúgea
Genitive	ζεύγεος / ζεύγευς zeúgeos / zeúgeus	ζευγέοιν zeugéoin	ζευγέων zeugéōn
Dative	ζεύγει / ζεύγεῐ̈ zeúgei / zeúgeï	ζευγέοιν zeugéoin	ζεύγεσῐ / ζεύγεσῐν zeúgesi(n)
Accusative	ζεῦγος zeûgos	ζεύγει / ζεύγεε zeúgei / zeúgee	ζεύγεᾰ zeúgea
Vocative	ζεῦγος zeûgos	ζεύγει / ζεύγεε zeúgei / zeúgee	ζεύγεᾰ zeúgea
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Third declension of τὸ ζεῦγος; τοῦ ζεύγεος (Ionic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	τὸ ζεῦγος tò zeûgos	τὼ ζεύγει / ζεύγεε tṑ zeúgei / zeúgee	τᾰ̀ ζεύγεᾰ tà zeúgea
Genitive	τοῦ ζεύγεος / ζεύγευς toû zeúgeos / zeúgeus	τοῖν ζευγέοιν toîn zeugéoin	τῶν ζευγέων tôn zeugéōn
Dative	τῷ ζεύγει / ζεύγεῐ̈ tôi zeúgei / zeúgeï	τοῖν ζευγέοιν toîn zeugéoin	τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν ζεύγεσῐ / ζεύγεσῐν toîsi(n) zeúgesi(n)
Accusative	τὸ ζεῦγος tò zeûgos	τὼ ζεύγει / ζεύγεε tṑ zeúgei / zeúgee	τᾰ̀ ζεύγεᾰ tà zeúgea
Vocative	ζεῦγος zeûgos	ζεύγει / ζεύγεε zeúgei / zeúgee	ζεύγεᾰ zeúgea
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

• ζευγάριον (zeugárion) (Hellenistic Koine), ζευγάριν (zeugárin) (Medieval)

Related terms

• ζυγόν (zugón)
• (by two): κατά ζεῦγος (katá zeûgos), κατά ζεύγη (katá zeúgē), ἐς ζεύγεα (es zeúgea)

Descendants

• → Greek: ζεύγος (zévgos) (learned)
• → Aramaic: זוגא (zawgā)
  • → Arabic: زَوْج (zawj); ⇒ ز و ج (z w j, “related to coupling”)
• → Classical Syriac: ܙܘܓܐ (zawgāʾ)
  • → Old Armenian: զոյգ (zoyg) (see there for further descendants)
• → Hebrew: זוּג (zúg)

Further reading

• Hofmann, J. B. (1949) “ζεῦγος”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen‎^[1] (in German), Munich: R. Oldenbourg
• “ζεῦγος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ζεῦγος”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “ζεῦγος”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
• Dimitrakos, Dimitrios B. (²1964) Μέγα λεξικόν ὅλης τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς γλώσσης [Great Dictionary of the entire Greek Language] (in Greek), Athens: Hellenic Paideia 2nd edition in 15 vols. [1st edition 1930-1950 in 9 volumes] (abbreviations - of authors)
• ζεῦγος in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
• ζεῦγος - Kriaras, Emmanuel (1969-) Επιτομή του Λεξικού της Μεσαιωνικής Ελληνικής Δημώδους Γραμματείας (Epitomí tou Lexikoú tis Mesaionikís Ellinikís Dimódous Grammateías) [Concise Dictionary of the Kriaras' Dictionary of Medieval Vulgar Greek Literature (1100–1669) Vols. 1–14. Vols 15- under I. Kazazes.)] (in Greek), Thessaloniki: Centre for the Greek language Online edition (abbreviations) Printed edition 2022: 22 vols.)