φόρος

See also: -φόρος

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From the o-grade of the root of φέρω (phérō, “to bring, carry”) +‎ -ος (-os): originally “that which is brought”.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /pʰó.ros/ → /ˈɸo.ros/ → /ˈfo.ros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /pʰó.ros/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈpʰo.ros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈɸo.ros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈfo.ros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈfo.ros/

Noun

φόρος • (phóros) m (genitive φόρου); second declension (Attic, Ionic, Koine)

1. tribute
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.6.2:

     οὗτος ὁ Κροῖσος βαρβάρων πρῶτος τῶν ἡμεῖς ἴδμεν τοὺς μὲν κατεστρέψατο Ἑλλήνων ἐς φόρου ἀπαγωγήν

     hoûtos ho Kroîsos barbárōn prôtos tôn hēmeîs ídmen toùs mèn katestrépsato Hellḗnōn es phórou apagōgḗn

     This Croesus was the first foreigner that we know of who subjected some Greeks to the paying of tribute

   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.96.2:

     ἦν δ’ ὁ πρῶτος φόρος ταχθεὶς τετρακόσια τάλαντα καὶ ἑξήκοντα.

     ên d’ ho prôtos phóros takhtheìs tetrakósia tálanta kaì hexḗkonta.

     The first tribute was set at four hundred and sixty talents.

   • 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 657:

     καὶ πρῶτον μὲν λόγισαι φαύλως, μὴ ψήφοις ἀλλ’ ἀπὸ χειρός,
     τὸν φόρον ἡμῖν ἀπὸ τῶν πόλεων συλλήβδην τὸν προσιόντα

     kaì prôton mèn lógisai phaúlōs, mḕ psḗphois all’ apò kheirós,
     tòn phóron hēmîn apò tôn póleōn sullḗbdēn tòn prosiónta

     and first reckon offhand, not with pebbles but your fingers,
     the sum total of our tribute that is coming in from the towns

Declension

Second declension of ὁ φόρος; τοῦ φόρου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ φόρος ho phóros	τὼ φόρω tṑ phórō	οἱ φόροι hoi phóroi
Genitive	τοῦ φόρου toû phórou	τοῖν φόροιν toîn phóroin	τῶν φόρων tôn phórōn
Dative	τῷ φόρῳ tôi phórōi	τοῖν φόροιν toîn phóroin	τοῖς φόροις toîs phórois
Accusative	τὸν φόρον tòn phóron	τὼ φόρω tṑ phórō	τοὺς φόρους toùs phórous
Vocative	φόρε phóre	φόρω phórō	φόροι phóroi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Descendants

• Byzantine Greek:
  • → Romani: fòros (“town”), fòro
  • Greek: φόρος (fóros)

Further reading

• “φόρος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Greek

Etymology

Formed from the Ancient Greek verb φέρω (phérō, “carry, bring”), akin to the similar suffix -φόρος m (-fóros).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈfoɾos/
• Hyphenation: φό‧ρος

Noun

φόρος • (fóros) m (plural φόροι)

1. tax (payment levied by the state)
2. tribute (payment in cash or kind levied on a state or individual)

Declension

Declension of φόρος

	singular	plural
nominative	φόρος •	φόροι •
genitive	φόρου •	φόρων •
accusative	φόρο •	φόρους •
vocative	φόρε •	φόροι •

Derived terms

• αφορολόγητος (aforológitos, “tax free”, adjective)
• φοροαπαλλαγή f (foroapallagí, “tax allowance, tax break, tax exemption”)
• φοροδιαφυγή f (forodiafygí, “tax evasion”)
• φοροαποφυγή f (foroapofygí, “tax avoidance, tax dodge”)
• φοροκαταιγίδα f (forokataigída, “excessive taxation, undue tax burden”)
• φοροεισπράκτορας m (foroeispráktoras, “tax collector”)
• φοροκλοπή f (foroklopí, “tax theft”)
• φοροκυνηγητό n (forokynigitó, “tax chase”)
• φορολόγηση f (forológisi, “taxation”)
• φορολογήσιμος (forologísimos, “taxable”, adjective)
• φορολογητέος (forologitéos, “taxable”, adjective)
• φορολογία f (forología, “taxation”)
• φορολογικός (forologikós, adjective)
• φορολογούμενος (forologoúmenos, “tax liable”, adjective)
• φορομπήχτης m (forompíchtis)
• φορομπηχτικός (forompichtikós, adjective)
• φοροπαγίδα f (foropagída, “tax trap”)
• φοροτεχνικός m or f (forotechnikós, “tax consultant”)
• φοροτεχνικός (forotechnikós, “tax related”)
• φοροφυγάς m (forofygás, “tax evader”)