家族

Chinese

		home; family; ‑ist home; family; ‑ist; ‑er; ‑ian; measure word for stores and schools	race; nationality; ethnicity race; nationality; ethnicity; clan
trad. (家族)		家	族
simp. #(家族)		家	族

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiāzú

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄚ ㄗㄨˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaa¹ zuk⁶

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kâ-chhu̍k
• Eastern Min (BUC): gă-cŭk
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ka-cho̍k / kee-cho̍k

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gê¹ zog⁸

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹cia-zoq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiāzú
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄚ ㄗㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiazú
    • Wade–Giles: chia¹-tsu²
    • Yale: jyā-dzú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiatzwu
    • Palladius: цзяцзу (czjaczu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ä⁵⁵ t͡su³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gaa¹ zuk⁶
    • Yale: gā juhk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaa¹ dzuk⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: ga¹ zug⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaː⁵⁵ t͡sʊk̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâ-chhu̍k
    • Hakka Romanization System: ga^ˊ cug
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ga¹ cug⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /ka²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡sʰuk̚⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gă-cŭk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ka⁵⁵ ^(t͡s-)ʒuʔ⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ka-cho̍k
    • Tâi-lô: ka-tso̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kazok
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ka⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ka⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ka³³ t͡sɔk̚²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kee-cho̍k
    • Tâi-lô: kee-tso̍k
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sɔk̚¹²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gê¹ zog⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ke tso̍k
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ke³³⁻²³ t͡sok̚⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹cia-zoq
    • MiniDict: cia^平 zoh
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹jia-zoq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡ɕia⁵⁵ zoʔ²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: kae dzuwk

Rime
Character	家	族
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	從 (15)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)	屋 (3)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	II	I
Fanqie	古牙切	昨木切
Baxter	kae	dzuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠa/	/d͡zuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚa/	/d͡zuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ka/	/d͡zuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨ/	/d͡zəwk̚/
Li Rong	/ka/	/d͡zuk̚/
Wang Li	/ka/	/d͡zuk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ka/	/d͡zʱuk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiā	zú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaa1	zuk6

Noun

家族

1. family; household; clan

   家族世襲／家族世袭  ―  jiāzú shìxí  ―  hereditary succession

Synonyms

edit

• 人家
• 室 (shì) (literary, or in compounds)
• 家
• 家子 (jiāzi) (colloquial)
• 家室 (jiāshì)
• 家庭 (jiātíng)
• 戶家／户家 (hùjiā) (literary)
• 房頭／房头 (fángtóu) (literary)
• 親族／亲族 (qīnzú)

 

Derived terms

• 大家族 (dàjiāzú)
• 家族史 (jiāzúshǐ)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (家族):

• → Japanese: 家(か)族(ぞく) (kazoku)
• → Korean: 가족(家族) (gajok)
• → Vietnamese: gia tộc (家族)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
家	族
か Grade: 2	ぞく Grade: 3
kan'on	goon

Etymology

Ultimately from Middle Chinese 家族 (MC kae dzuwk). However, not attested until 1808, so possibly a borrowing from modern written Chinese 家族 (jiāzú) with the expected Japanese reading applied.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かぞく [káꜜzòkù] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ka̠zo̞kɯ̟]

Noun

家(か)族(ぞく) • (kazoku) 

1. a family, a household
   • 2015 July 27, Åsa Ekström, “第１話 (Daiichiwa)　ようこそ、ここへ (Yōkoso, Koko E) [Chapter 1: Welcome Here]”, in さよならセプテンバー (Sayonara Seputenbā) [Goodbye September], volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Creek & River:

     ぼくらは幸(しあわ)せな家(か)族(ぞく)になるよぜったい！

     Bokura wa shiawase na kazoku ni naru yo zettai!

     We’ll definitely make a happy family!

Usage notes

家族 refers to one’s own family, particularly immediate family – parents, children, and siblings. To refer to another’s family, one uses the honorific form ご家族 (go-kazoku, “another’s family”, honorific). To refer to one’s relatives generally, one uses 親戚 (shinseki, “relative”), which includes even distant relatives. For first cousins – i.e. aunts, uncles, and close cousins – one may use 近親 (kinshin, “close relative”). For close people, not necessarily family, one may use 身内 (miuchi, “close family, close friends”).

Synonyms

• 御(ご)家(か)族(ぞく), ご家(か)族(ぞく) (go-kazoku) (honorific)

References

• Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
• 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
家	族

Noun

家族 • (gajok) (hangeul 가족)

1. hanja form^? of 가족 (“family, household”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
家	族

Noun

家族

1. chữ Hán form of gia tộc (“family”).