氓

氓 U+6C13, 氓 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C13 ← 氒 [U+6C12] CJK Unified Ideographs 气 → [U+6C14]

Translingual

Han character

氓 (Kangxi radical 83, 氏+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜女口女心 (YVRVP), four-corner 0774₇, composition ⿰亡民)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 598, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17030
• Dae Jaweon: page 990, character 2
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2131, character 3
• Unihan data for U+6C13

Chinese

trad.		氓
simp. #		氓
alternative forms		𣱅

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 氓
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (亡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
忙	*maːŋ
芒	*maːŋ, *maŋ
茫	*maːŋ
恾	*maːŋ
吂	*maːŋ, *maːŋs
汒	*maːŋ, *maŋs
朚	*maːŋ, *hmaːŋ, *maŋ, *mraːŋ, *mraːŋs
邙	*maːŋ, *maŋ
杗	*maːŋ, *maŋ
荒	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋs
肓	*hmaːŋ
衁	*hmaːŋ
巟	*hmaːŋ
詤	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ, *hmaŋʔ
慌	*hmaːŋ, *hmaːŋʔ
謊	*hmaːŋʔ
喪	*smaːŋs, *smaːŋ
亡	*maŋ
望	*maŋ, *maŋs
莣	*maŋ
朢	*maŋ, *maŋs
鋩	*maŋ
硭	*maŋ
忘	*maŋ, *maŋs
网	*mlaŋʔ
罔	*mlaŋʔ
蛧	*maŋʔ
網	*mlaŋʔ
輞	*maŋʔ
棢	*maŋʔ
惘	*maŋʔ
菵	*maŋʔ
誷	*maŋʔ
魍	*maŋʔ
妄	*maŋs
盲	*mraːŋ
蝱	*mraːŋ
虻	*mraːŋ
氓	*mraːŋ
甿	*mraːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraːŋ) : phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ) + semantic 民 (“people”).

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): máng (mang²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄤˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mong⁴ / man⁴
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): meng² / morng²
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): bâng / bîn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): mang⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: máng
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄤˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: máng
    • Wade–Giles: mang²
    • Yale: máng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mang
    • Palladius: ман (man)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɑŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: mong⁴ / man⁴
    • Yale: mòhng / màhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mong⁴ / man⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: mong⁴ / men⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɔːŋ²¹/, /mɐn²¹/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: meng²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɛŋ¹³/
  • (Putian, Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: morng²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɒŋ¹³/

Note:

• meng2 - literary;
• morng2 - vernacular.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bâng
    • Tâi-lô: bâng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: baang
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /baŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /baŋ²³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /baŋ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bîn
    • Tâi-lô: bîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: biin
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /bin²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bin¹³/

Note:

• bâng - literary;
• bîn - vernacular (俗).

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: mang⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mâng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /maŋ⁵⁵/

Definitions

氓

1. ruffian, hooligan

   See also: 流氓

Compounds

• 流氓 (liúmáng)
• 流氓罪

 

Etymology 2

trad.		氓
simp. #		氓
alternative forms		萌

Cognate with Tibetan དམངས (dmangs, “ordinary people; populace”), Tibetan འབངས ('bangs, “subjects”) (Benedict, 1976). Unrelated to 民 (OC *min, “people”); probably unrelated to etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): méng (meng²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄥˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mang⁴ / man⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: méng
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: méng
    • Wade–Giles: mêng²
    • Yale: méng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: meng
    • Palladius: мэн (mɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɤŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: mang⁴ / man⁴
    • Yale: màhng / màhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mang⁴ / man⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: meng⁴ / men⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐŋ²¹/, /mɐn²¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: meang

Rime
Character	氓
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	耕 (117)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	莫耕切
Baxter	meang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mˠɛŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/mᵚæŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/mɐŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/məɨjŋ/
Li Rong	/mɛŋ/
Wang Li	/mæŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/mæŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	méng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mang4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤr[i]ŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mraːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	氓
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	méng
Middle Chinese	‹ mɛng ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁr[i]ŋ/
English	population, people
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	氓
Reading #	1/1
No.	12694
Phonetic component	亡
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	甍
Old Chinese	/*mraːŋ/

Definitions

氓

1. (literary) people; folk
   • alt. forms: 萌, 甿 (méng)

   • 氓之蚩蚩，抱布貿絲。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     氓之蚩蚩，抱布贸丝。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Méng zhī chīchī, bào bù mào sī. [Pinyin]

     A simple-looking lad you were,
     Carrying cloth to exchange it for silk.

2. nomad; wanderer (used to refer to migrants in ancient China)

Compounds

• 愚氓 (yúméng)
• 群氓

 

References

• “氓”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “氓”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 151.
• zi.tools

Japanese

Kanji

氓

(Hyōgai kanji)

1. people, subjects

Readings

• Go-on: みょう (myō)
• Kan-on: もう (mō)
• Kan’yō-on: ぼう (bō)
• Kun: たみ (tami, 氓)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
氓
ぼう Hyōgai
kan'yōon

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Affix

氓(ぼう) • (bō) 

1. people; subjects

Korean

Hanja

氓 • (maeng) (hangeul 맹, revised maeng, McCune–Reischauer maeng, Yale mayng)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

氓: Hán Nôm readings: manh

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.