Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/armaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑr.mɑz/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂érmos, *h₂ŕ̥mos, from the root *h₂er-.

Cognate with Lithuanian ìrmėdė (“gout”), Old Prussian irmo (“arm”), Ancient Greek ἁρμός (harmós), Latin armus, Proto-Slavic *òrmo (“shoulder”), Sanskrit ईर्म (īrmá, “arm”).

Noun

*armaz m

2. arm

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *armaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*armaz	*armōz, *armōs
vocative	*arm	*armōz, *armōs
accusative	*armą	*armanz
genitive	*armas, *armis	*armǫ̂
dative	*armai	*armamaz
instrumental	*armō	*armamiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *arm
  • Old English: earm, arm — Anglian
    • Middle English: arm
      • English: arm
      • Scots: airm
      • Yola: arrm
  • Old Frisian: erm
    • North Frisian:

      Föhr-Amrum: iarem

      Halligen: eerm

      Heligoland: iaarem

      Mooring: ärm

    • Saterland Frisian: Íerm, Äirm (Strukelje)
    • West Frisian: earm
  • Old Saxon: arm
    • Middle Low German: arm
      • Low German:
        • German Low German:

          Hamburgisch: Arm

          Westphalian:

          Ravensbergisch: Ārm

          Lippisch: Arm

          Sauerländisch: Ārm, Ārem, Oarm

          Westmünsterländisch: Arm

        • Plautdietsch: Oam, Oarm
  • Old Dutch: arm
    • Middle Dutch: arm
      • Dutch: arm
        • Afrikaans: arm
        • Javindo: arrem
        • Negerhollands: arm, erm
      • Limburgish: erm
  • Old High German: arm, aram, arma
    • Middle High German: arm, arn
      • Alemannic German: Aare, Arm, Are, Arme
      • Bavarian: Oarm

        Cimbrian: arm

      • Central Franconian: Ärm, Arm, Orm (Moselle Franconian)

        Hunsrik: Aarem

      • German: Arm
      • Luxembourgish: Aarm
      • Rhine Franconian:
        • Pennsylvania German: Aarm
      • Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)
• Old Norse: armr
  • Icelandic: armur
  • Faroese: armur
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: arm; (dialectal) arm’e
  • Old Swedish: armber
    • Swedish: arm
  • Danish: arm
    • Norwegian Bokmål: arm
  • Gutnish: arm, harm
• Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁erm- (“poor, ill”). Cognate with Hittite 𒅕𒈠𒀭 (erman, “sickness”).

Alternatively, from Pre-Germanic *h₃orbʰmos, with loss of -b- before -m-, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erbʰ-, whence English orphan. Compare the Norse variant aumr, as from *arbmaz with no loss of -b-, which mirrors the dissimilation of Old Norse haustr from *harbistaz.

Adjective

*armaz (comparative *armōzô, superlative *armōstaz)

2. poor, miserable
3. pitiful, pitiable

Inflection

Declension of *armaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*armaz	*armai	*armō	*armôz	*armą, -atō	*armō
Accusative	*armanǭ	*armanz	*armǭ	*armōz	*armą, -atō	*armō
Genitive	*armas, -is	*armaizǫ̂	*armaizōz	*armaizǫ̂	*armas, -is	*armaizǫ̂
Dative	*armammai	*armaimaz	*armaizōi	*armaimaz	*armammai	*armaimaz
Instrumental	*armanō	*armaimiz	*armaizō	*armaimiz	*armanō	*armaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*armô	*armaniz	*armǭ	*armōniz	*armô	*armōnō
Accusative	*armanų	*armanunz	*armōnų	*armōnunz	*armô	*armōnō
Genitive	*arminiz	*armanǫ̂	*armōniz	*armōnǫ̂	*arminiz	*armanǫ̂
Dative	*armini	*armammaz	*armōni	*armōmaz	*armini	*armammaz
Instrumental	*arminē	*armammiz	*armōnē	*armōmiz	*arminē	*armammiz

Derived terms

• *armāną
• *armijaną
• *armōdiją

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *arm
  • Old English: earm
    • Middle English: arm
      • English: arm
      • Scots: arm
  • Old Frisian: erm
    • Saterland Frisian: äärm
    • West Frisian: earm
  • Old Saxon: *arm
    • Middle Low German: arm
      • German Low German: arm
      • Plautdietsch: oam, oarm
  • Old Dutch: arm
    • Middle Dutch: arm
      • Dutch: arm
        • Afrikaans: arm
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: arum
        • Jersey Dutch: arm
        • Negerhollands: aerm
        • Petjo: arm
      • Limburgish: erm
  • Old High German: arm
    • Middle High German: arm
      • Cimbrian: arm
      • German: arm
      • Luxembourgish: aarm
      • Plautdietsch: aarem
      • Yiddish: אָרעם (orem)
• Old Norse: armr
  • Danish: arm
  • Faroese: armur
  • Icelandic: armur
  • Norwegian Bokmål: arm
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: arm
  • Swedish: arm
• Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌼𐍃 (arms)
• → Proto-Finnic: *armas, *armo