schummeln
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German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]There are two main theories, which need not be mutually exclusive but may complement each other.
- From dialectal schummeln, originally probably “to move back and forth”, whence various attested senses: “waver, totter; rock, swing, push; chase off; abscond, steal away; take clandestinely; rummage; bustle about; do housework”, etc. In favour of this derivation speaks that the sense “to cheat” was sometimes associated with “trickery through swift movements”, especially in the context of gambling. The verb schummeln (in the above-mentioned senses) is found in dialects as far south as Tyrol, but Adelung considered it chiefly Low German and the earliest attestations are of late Middle Dutch scommelen (1410: “to do kitchenwork”, 1530: “to rock, move back and forth”); hence probably of northern origin through Middle Low German *schummelen, eventually perhaps onomatopoeic. Compare modern Dutch schommelen. Compare also German verschaukeln (“to cheat”), from schaukeln (“to rock, swing”).
- Through a dialectally attested sense “to trade (of a Jewish merchant)”, from Yiddish שום (shum), an acronym for the cities of Speyer, Worms, Mainz, the so-called Schum cities, old centres of Jewish religion and trade. However, a verb derived from this acronym is not attested in Yiddish and the sense “to trade” may be derived from the sense “to cheat”, rather than vice versa.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]schummeln (weak, third-person singular present schummelt, past tense schummelte, past participle geschummelt, auxiliary haben)
- (intransitive, somewhat informal) to cheat (especially in games, but also in business, school, etc.)
- Synonym: mogeln
Conjugation
[edit]infinitive | schummeln | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle | schummelnd | ||||
past participle | geschummelt | ||||
auxiliary | haben | ||||
indicative | subjunctive | ||||
singular | plural | singular | plural | ||
present | ich schummle ich schummele ich schummel |
wir schummeln | i | ich schummele ich schummle |
wir schummeln |
du schummelst | ihr schummelt | du schummelest du schummlest |
ihr schummelet ihr schummlet | ||
er schummelt | sie schummeln | er schummele er schummle |
sie schummeln | ||
preterite | ich schummelte | wir schummelten | ii | ich schummelte1 | wir schummelten1 |
du schummeltest | ihr schummeltet | du schummeltest1 | ihr schummeltet1 | ||
er schummelte | sie schummelten | er schummelte1 | sie schummelten1 | ||
imperative | schummle (du) schummel (du) schummele (du) |
schummelt (ihr) |
1Rare except in very formal contexts; alternative in würde normally preferred.
Derived terms
[edit]- Schummeln, Schummler (“cheater”), Schummelei, Geschummel, Schummel
- schummelnd, geschummelt
- beschummeln, erschummeln
Further reading
[edit]Categories:
- German terms derived from Middle Dutch
- German terms derived from Middle Low German
- German terms derived from Yiddish
- German 2-syllable words
- German terms with IPA pronunciation
- German terms with audio pronunciation
- German lemmas
- German verbs
- German weak verbs
- German verbs using haben as auxiliary
- German intransitive verbs
- German informal terms