Appendix:Jiamao vocabulary lists
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The following vocabulary lists of the Jiamao language are from Liu (2008: 79-81) and Norquest (2015: 341-349). Additional Jiamao forms from Norquest (2015) are listed in Appendix:Proto-Hlai reconstructions.
Liu (2008)
[edit]The following vocabulary list of the Jiamao language is from Liu (2008: 79-81).
Tones
[edit]The Jiamao tone categories and their corresponding phonetic values in Chao tones are (Liu 2008: 65):
| Tone category | Phonetic value |
|---|---|
| 1 | 35/55 |
| 2 | 31 |
| 3 | 33 |
| 4 | 11 |
| 5 | 53 (lax) |
| 7 | 55 |
| 8 | 11 |
| 9 | 53 (checked) |
List
[edit]| Chinese gloss | English gloss | Jiamao | Page no. |
|---|---|---|---|
| 天空 | sky | vɔːn¹vuəi¹ | 79 |
| 太阳 | sun | tou¹vɔːn¹ | 79 |
| 月亮 | moon | nuən¹ | 79 |
| 星星 | star | tsap⁸tsin⁵ | 79 |
| 云 | cloud | pou¹ | 79 |
| 雾 | fog | kɔːu⁴ | 79 |
| 雷 | thunder | hu¹vuəi¹ | 79 |
| 风 | wind | kɯ²vɯat⁷ | 79 |
| 雨 | rain | pɔŋ¹ | 79 |
| 火 | fire | paːi¹ | 79 |
| 火烟 | smoke (of fire) | en⁴tso¹ | 79 |
| 山 | mountain | tsou¹ | 79 |
| 山洞 | cave | sua¹tsou¹ | 79 |
| 河 | river | naːm¹ | 79 |
| 海 | sea | laːŋ¹ | 79 |
| 湖/塘(深) | lake, pond (deep) | tʰa² | 79 |
| 湖/塘(浅) | lake, pond (shallow) | jɔŋ⁵ | 79 |
| 水沟 | ditch | vaːi²naːm¹ | 79 |
| 路 | road | kɯ²tin¹ | 79 |
| 水田 | paddy field | tou⁴ | 79 |
| 旱田 | dry | tou⁴kʰa¹ | 79 |
| 石头 | stone | siːn¹ | 79 |
| 沙子 | sand | kɯ²dei¹ | 79 |
| 灰 | dust | huəi¹ | 79 |
| 土 | earth | kɯ²len⁴ | 79 |
| 水 | water | naːm¹ | 79 |
| 金 | gold | kiəm³ | 79 |
| 银 | silver | kuən⁴ | 79 |
| 铜 | copper, bronze | daːŋ⁴ | 79 |
| 铁 | iron | kui¹ | 79 |
| 盐 | salt | nɔːu⁴ | 79 |
| 火灰 | ashes | nɯa²paːi¹ | 79 |
| 村 | village | fuən¹ | 79 |
| 家 | family | tʰɯ⁵ | 79 |
| 棍子 | stick | tʰok⁸sai¹ | 79 |
| 绳子 | rope | tɯi¹ | 79 |
| 人 | person, human | tʰai¹ | 79 |
| 名字 | first name | pʰe¹ | 79 |
| 小孩 | child | tʰiək⁸ | 79 |
| 男人 | man, male | pʰɯ¹tsə⁴ | 79 |
| 女人 | woman, female | mɯ²taːu¹ | 79 |
| 小伙 | young man | mɯ²ȵau¹ | 79 |
| 姑娘 | young woman, virgin | kɯ²u¹ | 79 |
| 祖父 | grandfather | pəːu⁴ | 79 |
| 祖母 | grandmother | tsa² | 79 |
| 父亲 | father | po⁵ | 79 |
| 母亲 | mother | maːi⁵ | 79 |
| 丈夫 | husband | tʰa⁴ | 79 |
| 妻子 | wife | naːu⁵ | 79 |
| 姐姐 | elder sister | u¹ | 79 |
| 儿子 | son | tʰiək⁸ | 79 |
| 女儿 | daughter | tʰiək⁸u¹ | 79 |
| 孙子 | grandson | tʰiək⁸kɯ²pəːu⁴ | 79 |
| 哥哥 | elder brother | eːn¹ | 79 |
| 弟弟 | younger brother | nuəi⁵ | 79 |
| 妹妹 | younger sister | u¹nuəi⁵ | 79 |
| 身体 | body | huən⁴ | 79 |
| 头 | head | kiːu¹ | 79 |
| 头发 | hair | tiəm¹kiːu¹ | 79 |
| 额头 | forehead | kɯ²tu¹ | 79 |
| 眼睛 | eye | kɯ²tou¹ | 79 |
| 鼻子 | nose | kɯ²hɔːt⁹ | 79 |
| 耳朵 | ear | kɯ²kɔ¹ | 79 |
| 脸 | face | pʰan¹ | 79 |
| 嘴巴 | mouth | kɯ²mɯəŋ⁴ | 79 |
| 胡子 | moustache | mum² | 79 |
| 脖子(后) | neck (front) | kɯ²tsaŋ² | 79 |
| 脖子(前) | neck (back) | kɯ²au⁵ | 79 |
| 肩膀 | shoulder | kɯ²vet⁸ | 79 |
| 脊背 | back | kɯ²leu⁴ | 79 |
| 胸 | chest | pau¹tsai⁴ | 79 |
| 乳房 | breast | ȵen⁵ | 79 |
| 肚子 | belly | lɯi⁴ | 79 |
| 腰 | waist | tʰam²jou⁴ | 79 |
| 膝盖 | knee | tʰɔk⁹lu⁴ | 80 |
| 腿 | leg | hɔːk⁹ | 80 |
| 脚 | foot | hɔːk⁹ | 80 |
| 手 | hand | kɯ²ma¹ | 80 |
| 皮肤 | skin | na¹ | 80 |
| 毛 | hair | hɔːŋ⁴ | 80 |
| 肉 | meat | kəːm¹ | 80 |
| 血 | blood | tʰuət⁸ | 80 |
| 骨头 | bone | liək⁸ | 80 |
| 牙齿 | tooth | saŋ¹ | 80 |
| 舌头 | tongue | lɔŋ¹tʰiːn⁴ | 80 |
| 肺 | lung | vuəŋ⁴ | 80 |
| 心 | heart | tim³ | 80 |
| 肝 | liver | ŋuən¹ | 80 |
| 胆 | gallbladder | ti¹ | 80 |
| 肠 | intestines | tin¹lɯi⁴ | 80 |
| 屎 | excrement, feces | hɯai² | 80 |
| 尿 | urine | naːm¹tsem⁵ | 80 |
| 水牛 | buffalo | sei¹ | 80 |
| 黄牛 | cattle | nau¹ | 80 |
| (牛)角 | horn | hau⁴ | 80 |
| 尾巴 | tail | lɯəŋ³suət⁹ | 80 |
| 马 | horse | pə⁵ | 80 |
| 羊 | sheep | tsɯːʔ⁷ | 80 |
| 爪子 | claw, nail | lep⁷ | 80 |
| 猪 | pig | pəi⁴ | 80 |
| 狗 | dog | pou⁴ | 80 |
| 鸡 | chicken | kʰai¹ | 80 |
| 翅膀 | wing | pʰi⁵ | 80 |
| 鸭子 | duck | bet⁷ | 80 |
| 龙 | dragon | təːŋ⁴ | 80 |
| 猴子 | monkey | nɔːk⁹saːŋ | 80 |
| 熊 | bear | mui⁴ | 80 |
| 兔子 | rabbit | tʰau⁴ | 80 |
| 老鼠 | rat, mouse | kɯ²ken⁴ | 80 |
| 鸟 | bird | nɔːk⁹ | 80 |
| 鹰 | eagle | vei² | 80 |
| 蛇 | snake | buət⁹ | 80 |
| 青蛙 | frog | kɯ²laːk⁸ | 80 |
| 乌鸦 | crow | ɯ⁵ | 80 |
| 鱼 | fish | tʰou⁴ | 80 |
| 燕子 | swallow (bird) | nɔːk⁹pe⁵ | 80 |
| 虫 | insect | zɔːt⁸ ~ jɔːt⁸ | 80 |
| 虱子 | scorpion | taːu¹tʰai⁴ | 80 |
| 苍蝇 | fly | kɯ²mɔːt⁹ | 80 |
| 蚊子 | mosquito | kɯ²sak⁷ | 80 |
| 蜘蛛 | spider | tam¹tʰai⁴ | 80 |
| 蚯蚓 | earthworm | tʰam¹lau¹ | 80 |
| 蛆 | maggot | zɔːt⁸ ~ jɔːt⁸ | 80 |
| 蚂蝗 | leech | tsiːŋ⁴ | 80 |
| 跳蚤 | flea | tau¹pou⁴ | 80 |
| 蚂蚁 | ant | puət⁸ | 80 |
| 蜜蜂 | bee | tei¹ | 80 |
| 蝴蝶 | butterfly | kaŋ¹kɔŋ¹ | 80 |
| 树 | tree | nɔːu⁵sai¹ | 80 |
| 茎 | stem | nɔːu⁵ | 80 |
| 根 | root | tat⁷ | 80 |
| 叶子 | leaf | pi⁴ | 80 |
| 花 | flower | ŋɯa¹ | 80 |
| 果实 | fruit | mɯat⁷ | 80 |
| 竹子 | bamboo | təm¹ | 80 |
| 红藤 | red rattan (Sargentodoxa cuneata) | kiət⁷ | 80 |
| 刺儿 | thorn | haŋ⁴ | 80 |
| 稻子 | rice | muət⁹ | 80 |
| 种子 | seed | san¹ | 80 |
| 穗子 | ear of grain | poŋ² | 80 |
| 菜 | vegetable | tsan¹ | 80 |
| 芋头 | taro | kɯa⁵ | 80 |
| 草 | grass | kəːn⁴ | 80 |
| 蛋 | egg | tsum¹ | 80 |
| 酒 | liquor | ŋəːu² | 80 |
| 布 | cloth | təp⁷ | 80 |
| 上衣 | clothes (upper garment) | vo⁴ | 80 |
| 鞋 | shoe | lem² | 80 |
| 刀子 | knife | dou⁵ | 80 |
| 中间 | middle, in between | su¹ | 80 |
| 左 | left | huəi⁴ | 80 |
| 右 | right | mɯa⁵ | 80 |
| 前 | front | kɯ²tin¹ | 80 |
| 后 | behind | au⁵ | 80 |
| 年 | year | ma¹ | 80 |
| 月 | month | nuən¹ | 80 |
| 日 | day | vɔːn¹ | 80 |
| 晚上 | night | kɯ²sɔːp⁹ | 80 |
| 一 | one | kɯ², tsɯ⁵ | 80 |
| 二 | two | tʰiau⁴ | 80 |
| 三 | three | taːu³ | 80 |
| 四 | four | tiəu¹ | 80 |
| 五 | five | pu⁴ | 80 |
| 六 | six | nəm⁴ | 80 |
| 七 | seven | dau¹ | 80 |
| 八 | eight | ku¹ | 80 |
| 九 | nine | fə¹ | 80 |
| 十 | ten | puət⁹, kɯ²pɔŋ⁴ | 80 |
| 我 | I | kau¹ | 80 |
| 我们 | we | au¹ | 80 |
| 你 | you (sg.) | məi¹ | 80 |
| 你们 | you (pl.) | sau¹ | 80 |
| 他 | he | nei⁵ | 80 |
| 他们 | they | mou⁵ | 80 |
| 这 | this | nɛ⁵ | 80 |
| 这里 | here | haŋ¹nɛ⁵ | 80 |
| 那 | that | kɛ⁴, mɔ⁵ | 80 |
| 哪 | where | laːi⁴ | 80 |
| 怎么 | how | leŋ⁴laːi⁴ | 80 |
| 爱 | love | tiaŋ⁵ | 80 |
| 吃 | eat | tei⁵ | 80 |
| 吹 | blow | aːu¹ | 80 |
| 喝 | drink | ɔːk⁹ | 80 |
| 咬 | bite | daːn¹ | 80 |
| 吞 | swallow | kuat⁸ | 80 |
| 看见 | see | mai¹suəŋ⁵ | 80 |
| 听见 | hear | ŋei² | 80 |
| 知道 | know | min⁴taːi² | 80 |
| 睡 | sleep | ŋɔ⁴ | 80 |
| 死 | die | lɔːt⁹ | 80 |
| 杀 | kill | tse² | 80 |
| 游泳 | swim | kɯ²lɔn¹ | 81 |
| 找 | search, find | liəu² | 81 |
| 飞 | fly | fin⁴ | 81 |
| 走 | go | pai¹ | 81 |
| 来 | come | mɯŋ⁴ | 81 |
| 躺 | lie down | ŋɔ⁴ | 81 |
| 坐 | sit | tsiəŋ¹ | 81 |
| 站 | stand | suːn¹ | 81 |
| 给 | give | mɯan¹ | 81 |
| 说 | say | hu¹ | 81 |
| 烧 | burn | tsei¹ | 81 |
| 数 | count | kʰa⁴ | 81 |
| 砍 | cut (tree) | tʰaːn¹ | 81 |
| 落 | fall, drop | dɔːk⁹ | 81 |
| 怕 | fear | tʰɔ⁴ | 81 |
| 打 | hit | təp⁸ | 81 |
| 挖 | dig | tau¹ | 81 |
| 打架 | fight | təp⁸tʰa¹ | 81 |
| 漂浮 | float | fu⁴ | 81 |
| 转 | turn | van¹ | 81 |
| 拉 | pull | tɔŋ¹ | 81 |
| 推 | push | sɯəi¹ | 81 |
| 擦 | wipe | suaʔ⁷ | 81 |
| 打猎 | hunt | tuən² | 81 |
| 笑 | laugh | tsou¹ | 81 |
| 戳 | poke | saːŋ⁵ | 81 |
| 拿 | take | kʰɛ⁵ | 81 |
| 缝 | sew | bɔk⁹, ȵɔːp⁹ | 81 |
| 玩 | play | liau¹ | 81 |
| 唱 | sing | saŋ¹ | 81 |
| 吐 | vomit | ɔŋ¹, pʰi¹ | 81 |
| 裂 | split (open) | dua⁴ | 81 |
| 吸 | suck | tan¹, tʰaːu⁵ | 81 |
| 压 | press | tet⁷ | 81 |
| 洗(菜) | wash (vegetables) | uət⁹ | 81 |
| 洗(衣) | wash (clothes) | sa⁵ | 81 |
| 洗(澡) | bathe | ɯp⁹ | 81 |
| 在 | at, in | su¹ | 81 |
| 捆 | toe | kʰɔːp⁹ | 81 |
| 追 | chase | pʰeːk⁹ | 81 |
| 扔 | throw | fat⁷, fit⁷ | 81 |
| 流 | flow | lɔːt⁷ | 81 |
| 多 | many | tʰei⁴ | 81 |
| 少 | few | lim⁵ | 81 |
| 大 | big | lo¹ | 81 |
| 小 | small | təːk⁸ | 81 |
| 长 | long | tou⁴ | 81 |
| 短 | short | tʰa¹ | 81 |
| 红 | red | tʰɯːu¹ | 81 |
| 绿 | green | laːk⁸ | 81 |
| 黄 | yellow | tsai⁴ | 81 |
| 白 | white | kʰou¹ | 81 |
| 黑 | black | sei¹ | 81 |
| 苦 | bitter | ziam⁴ ~ jam⁴ | 81 |
| 甜 | sweet | tɯːʔ⁷ | 81 |
| 辣 | hot | kəŋ⁵ | 81 |
| 酸 | sour | fou¹ | 81 |
| 热 | hot | zuŋ¹ ~ juŋ¹ | 81 |
| 冷 | cold | hɯai¹ | 81 |
| 满 | full | sia⁵ | 81 |
| 新 | new | ȵau¹ | 81 |
| 好 | good | maŋ¹ | 81 |
| 坏 | bad | ai¹ | 81 |
| 圆 | round | luːi⁵ | 81 |
| 干 | dry | kʰa¹ | 81 |
| 湿 | wet | pəːn⁴ | 81 |
| 脏 | dirty | siat⁷ | 81 |
| 聪明 | clever | keŋ¹, tseŋ¹ | 81 |
| 远 | far | laːi¹ | 81 |
| 近 | near | la¹ | 81 |
| 傻 | stupid | ŋaːŋ² | 81 |
| 穷 | poor | fɯːt⁸ | 81 |
| 窄 | narrow | viːn⁵ | 81 |
| 宽 | wide | vi⁴ | 81 |
| 全部 | all | kɔm¹kai¹ | 81 |
| 尖 | sharp | tsip⁷ | 81 |
| 平 | flat | piːŋ¹ | 81 |
| 直 | straight | kuŋ⁵ | 81 |
| 肥 | fat | kui¹ | 81 |
| 厚 | thick | nou¹ | 81 |
| 薄 | thin | kai¹ | 81 |
| 轻 | light | kʰɔ⁵ | 81 |
| 重 | heavy | kʰɔːn¹ | 81 |
| 深 | deep | tʰa² | 81 |
| 浅 | shallow | daŋ¹ | 81 |
| 老 | old | tso¹ | 81 |
| 不 | no, not | ŋɔ¹ | 81 |
| 和 | and | bɛ¹ | 81 |
| 因为 | because | in³vi⁴ | 81 |
| 如果 | if | na¹ | 81 |
Norquest (2015)
[edit]The following vocabulary list of the Jiamao language is from Norquest (2015: 341-349), which provides selected Jiamao words that diverge significantly from Hlai.
See also: Appendix:List of Proto-Hlai reconstructions
List
[edit]| Gloss | Jiamao language | Proto-Hlai |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | kaw¹ | *ɦuː |
| 1pl excl | ʔaw¹ | *fʰəw |
| 1pl incl | tej¹ | *hrəw |
| 2sg | məj¹ | *C-mɯː |
| 2pl | tsʰaw¹ | *sʰəw |
| 3sg | nej⁵ | *C-naː |
| 3pl | mow⁵ | *ɾuːɦ |
| that (distal) | mɔː⁵ | *C-maːɦ |
| this (proximal) | nɛː⁵ | *C-niːɦ |
| that (medial) | kɛː⁴ | *ɦəɰɦ |
| one | kɯː² | *tçʰɯː |
| two | ɬiaw⁴ | *hluːʔ |
| three | taːw¹ | *Cuʈʂhuʔ |
| four | tiəw¹ | *ʈʂhəwʔ |
| five | puː⁴ | *hmaː |
| six | nəm⁴ | *hnom |
| seven | ɗaw¹ | *tʰuː |
| eight | kuː¹ | *hruː |
| nine | fəː¹ | *C-wɯːʔ |
| ten | puət⁹ | *fʰuːt |
| hundred | kɯːn¹ | *Cuhraːn |
| ancestor | pəːw⁴ tuən⁴ | *pʰut pʰuːʔ |
| woman | mɯ² taːw¹ | *hmiːʔ kʰəwɦ |
| man | pʰɯ¹ tsəː⁴ | *pʰaːʔ C-maːn |
| wife | naːw⁵ | *kʰəwɦ |
| father’s younger sister | fiː⁴ | *fʰɯːʔ |
| child | ɬiək⁸ lat⁷ | *hlɯːk C-lik |
| younger sibling | nuəj⁵ | *hruːŋ |
| face | pʰan¹ | *ɗəŋ |
| ear | kɔː¹ | *hljəj |
| shoulder | vet¹⁰ | *ʋaːɦ |
| arm | tɯːn¹ | *kʰiːn |
| sweat | ʔɯat⁷ | *Cuʔən |
| chin | tsʰɔːŋ¹ | *ɦaːŋ |
| throat | lɔːk⁸ | *kʰəːk |
| breast | ɲen⁵ | *tçiːɦ |
| lung | vuəŋ⁴ | *kəwɦ |
| urine | tsem⁵ | *ɗuː |
| horse | pəː⁵ | *hŋaːʔ |
| cat | ɲaːw⁵ | *C-miːwɦ |
| pangolin | tsaː⁴ | *C-mɯnʔ |
| squirrel | ləːn⁵ | *C-ɲaːt |
| crab | tsʰaːk⁹ | *ɓuːɦ |
| bird | nɔːk⁹ | *sʰəc |
| pig | pəj⁴ | *hməw |
| monkey | nɔːk⁹ tsʰaːŋ¹ | *C-nok |
| porcupine | luː⁴ low² | *tçʰinʔ |
| bat | tʰiək⁷ | *Cuhrɯːk |
| shrimp | ʔɔː⁵ | *Cuɾaːŋ |
| snake | ɓuət⁷ | *hljaːɦ |
| gadfly | nɯa⁵ | *hljaːk |
| mosquito | tsʰak⁷ | *C-ɲuːŋ |
| beetle | paːp⁸ | *ɾaːp |
| bee | tej¹ | *kəːj |
| moth | tsiːw⁴ | *tʰəmʔ |
| bedbug | ɗɔːp⁹ | *kɯp |
| bamboo | ɓaː¹ | *C-laːw |
| white sesame hemp | ven⁴ | *kʰaːn |
| muskmelon | haŋ¹ | *ʔəj |
| mushroom | tsʰaŋ¹ | *ɗit |
| cotton | ɓɔk⁷ hɔːw⁴ | *ɦaːwʔ |
| pit (fruit) | hɯət⁷ | *ʔuːk |
| sesame | tiaw⁴ | *hŋɯː |
| white rattan (small) | lej¹ | *kəc |
| mat grass | ləːp⁷ | *hrjiːwʔ |
| coconut | pɔː⁵ tsʰuək⁷ | *Ciʔunɦ |
| flower | ŋɯa¹ | *ʈʂhaːŋ |
| fruit | mɯat⁷ | *ʈʂhəːm |
| chaff | vuː⁴ vit⁸ | *hliːp |
| sky | vuəj¹ | *fʰaːʔ |
| hail | tsʰaː⁵ | *sʰinɦ |
| wasteland | faː² | *hmuːŋ |
| mountain | tsow¹ | *Cuɦəwʔ |
| ash | faː¹ | *sʰuːʔ |
| star | tsap⁷tsin⁵ | *ɾaːw |
| frost | nɔːw⁴ vuəj¹ | *hljin |
| forest | ŋuən⁵ | *hrəŋ |
| typhoon | pʰaːŋ¹ | *hwənɦ |
| sand | ɗej¹ | *pʰuːɦ |
| house | ɬɯː² | *hrɯːn |
| animal pen | ŋat⁷ | *sʰuːnɦ |
| bench | ŋuən¹ | *tʰimɦ |
| cradle | ʔəːj¹ | *ʔuː |
| bamboo hat | kuən³ lɔːj⁵ | *hlaːŋʔ |
| shoes | ləm⁵ | *kəːmʔ |
| net (small) | piw¹ | *hrəːjʔ |
| fan | pʰaŋ⁵ | *hwoŋʔ |
| jar | lej⁵ | *kəj |
| dagger | ɬiək⁸ kʰua¹ | *hljiwʔ |
| child’s house | ɗɔː¹ | *kujʔ |
| trough | tɔːŋ¹ | *[ʈʂ]huː |
| mat | tsiək⁸ | *tʰɯːk |
| road | tin¹ | *kuːn |
| earring | tsʰiaw¹ | *hwiːŋɦ |
| arrow | peː¹ | *sʰiːp |
| fish basket | ɓaːw¹ | *C-liːk |
| vine basket | ɓiːn¹ lɔː¹ | *tçʰəwɦ |
| bowl/basin | laːk⁹ | *Cuʔaːw |
| a handle (knife) | ɓuən¹ | *fʰiːnʔ |
| black | tsʰej¹ | *ɗəmʔ |
| yellow | tsaj⁴ | *hljaːŋ |
| salty | taŋ² | *Cuɦaːnʔ |
| good | maŋ¹ | *hlin |
| old (thing) | ʔjɔːt⁹ | *kaːwʔ |
| early | puət⁸ | *kaːwʔ |
| fast | tsʰiaŋ⁵ | *hjinʔ |
| wide | viː⁴ | *ɓaːŋ |
| hard | ləːw⁴ | *tçʰəːnʔ |
| dense | niːt⁹ | *tʰiːt |
| live, fresh | ɬuət⁸ | *Cuɾiːp |
| horizontal | ləŋ⁴ | *ɾinɦ |
| blind | kʰiw¹ | *m-laːw |
| beautiful | nɔk⁷ | *hlin C-mɯːn |
| hot | ʔjuŋ¹ | *Cuʈʂhəwʔ |
| afraid | ɬɔː⁴ | *ɗaːʔ |
| dry | kʰaː¹ | *ɾaːnɦ |
| round | laːw¹ | *Cuhrom |
| empty | kʰaŋ¹ | *Cuɾajɦ |
| fine | ɲəːp⁸ | *ʔuːt |
| grey | pʰuː¹ | *hmaːwɦ |
| indigo | taː¹ | *tçʰiːŋ |
| spicy | kəŋ⁵ | *hrit |
| bad | ʔaj¹ | *ɾjaːk |
| new | ɬaw⁴ | *hmaːn |
| late | liaw¹ | *fʰəŋ |
| slow | tsəŋ² | *sʰiːʔ |
| narrow | viːn⁵ | *ɓiːp |
| soft | puək⁷ | *hmuːt |
| sparse | fuən¹ | *hŋwaːnʔ |
| rotten | ɲɯːt⁸ | *ʔɯːnʔ |
| vertical | tiam¹ | *ɦən |
| lazy | lɯam² | *C-laːnʔ |
| young | mɯ² niaw¹ | *hlɯːk C-mɯːn |
| cool (water) | ɓeːk⁷ | *hrən |
| thin | ŋaːw¹ | *C-liːʔ |
| sterile (egg) | tsum¹ luəŋ² | *Cuhraːwʔ |
| few | təːk⁸ | *ɾjəwɦ |
| straight | kɯŋ⁵ | *C-muːc |
| do | leŋ¹ | *ʋuːk |
| listen | ŋej² | *m-lɯː |
| eat | tej⁵ | *C-luːɦ |
| vomit | ʔɔŋ¹ | *fʰaːk |
| bite | ɗaːn¹ | *hŋaːɲʔ |
| hit | təp⁸ | *tʰaːjɦ |
| cut rice | pʰɯːw¹ | *tʰun |
| light fire | tuː⁵ | *ʔɯmɦ |
| flow | lɔːt⁸ | *C-maːw |
| take | miː² | *hmət |
| kill | tseː² | *ɦuːʔ |
| play | liaw¹ | *hrjɯːk |
| get | mɯən¹ | *C-m[e]ːk |
| answer | hɔːn⁴ | *tʰin |
| fall | ʔaː⁵ | *hlaːɦ |
| weave (net) | tsʰaː¹ | *kʰuːt |
| understand | min⁴ taj² | *kʰuːŋ |
| look | maj¹ | *kiw |
| swallow | kuat¹⁰ | *Ciʔəːmɦ |
| lick | ɬeːp⁸ | *hljiːmɦ |
| hold in mouth | tɔm⁵ | *fʰəːm |
| cast (seed) | ʔia¹ | *fʰəːnɦ |
| winnow | vat⁷ | *fʰənɦ |
| boil | puət⁸ | *ɗaːn |
| swim | lɔn¹ | *m-liː |
| pick up | kʰɛː⁵ ləːw⁴ | *tçʰiːwʔ |
| call | kow⁴ | *tçaːn |
| arrive | vow¹ | *ɗaːnʔ |
| give | mɯan¹ | *ɗɯː |
| die | lɔːt⁹ | *hlaːwɦ; *hljuːj |
| braid (large) | taː¹ | *m-liː |
| weave (fabric) | tsʰup⁷ | *hwiː |
| top | law¹law¹ | *pʰiːʔ hnɯː |
| front | pʰaːj⁵ tʰiəŋ⁴ | *pʰiːʔ ɗəŋ |
| side | pʰaːj⁵ | *fʰaːŋ |
| left | haj² huəj⁴ | *pʰiːʔ hwiːŋ |
| everywhere | vow¹ laːj⁴ | *hŋom hŋaːjʔ |
| inside | tsʰuː¹ keː⁴ | *pʰiːʔ ʔuːk |
| outside | lɔːw⁴ | *hljɯːn |
| opposite side | ʔeːk⁹ | *hlɯnɦ |
| right | pʰaːj⁵ pet¹⁰ | *pʰiːʔ hninɦ |
| 2 years ago | mɯ² lut¹⁰ | *hmuːɦ ɾɯː |
| 2 days ago | vɔːn¹ tsuːn⁴ | *hwən ɾɯː |
| from before | tsʰi¹ vɔːn¹ mɔː⁵ | *tçʰi kʰuːnɦ |
| last year | mɯ² ləːj⁴ | *hmuːɦ pʰənʔ |
| next year | maː¹ tʰiəŋ⁴ | *hmuːɦ ɗəŋ |
| 3 days later | kɯ² kut¹⁰ | *hwən Cuɦaːt |
| 2 days later | kɯ² kaː² | *hwən Cuɦɯː |
| morning | ziaw⁴ hɔm⁴ | *kaːwʔ ɗom |
| noon | kɯ² ɗuən⁵ | *ʈʂhaː hŋwən |
| trip clf. | lem¹ | *kuːn |
| pile clf. | ɓaːk⁹ | *C-leːp |
| land measure | hɯan¹ | *tçʰaːn |
| person clf. | ŋuən¹ | *tçuːn |
| bundle clf. | puək⁹ | *ɓiːk |
| layer | fɯːn⁴ | *hlɯt |
| piece (of) | ɗat⁷ | *tʰun |
| tree clf. | nɔːw⁵ | *kʰɯːŋɦ |
| needle clf. | tsʰin⁵ | *tçʰuːŋ |
| pile clf. | tsuːn⁵ | *pʰəwʔ |
| speech clf. | tuəŋ⁵ | *fʰaːk |
| long thing clf. | tɯj¹ | *Ciɦaːɦ |
| pair (of) | ʔum¹ | *hlɯːmC |
See also
[edit]- Appendix:Proto-Hlai reconstructions
- Appendix:Proto-Tai reconstructions
- Appendix:Jizhao Swadesh list
- Appendix:Proto-Hmong-Mien reconstructions
References
[edit]- Liu Yuanchao 刘援朝. 2008. "Liyu Jiamaohua gaikuang 黎语加茂话概况." In Minzu Yuwen 民族语文, 2008(1).
- Norquest, Peter K. 2015. A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai. Languages of Asia, Volume 13. Leiden: Brill. →ISBN
