Appendix:Proto-Tujia reconstructions
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The following list of Proto-Tujia (Proto-Bizic) reconstructions is from Zhou (2020).
The reconstructions are supported by synchronic data from:
- Tasha Village, Longshan County
- Husi dialect: Laxidong Village, Longshan County
- Xianren, Baojing County
- Xiaolongre Village, Guzhang County
- Cebu Village (下都), Luxi County
- Caji-adi Village (下且己), Luxi County
List
[edit]| No. | English gloss | Chinese gloss | Proto-Bizic | Tasha | Laxidong | Xianren | Xiaolongre | Cebu | Caji-adi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | look | 看 | *bɑ¹ᴸ | pa⁵¹ | pa⁵³ | pa⁵⁴ | pa⁵³ | bo³⁵; bo¹³ | |
| 2 | to burn | 燃燒 | *dɑ¹ᴹ | ta⁵¹ | do⁵⁵ | ta⁵¹ (2006S) | |||
| 3 | to pound | 舂 | *dɑ⁴ | ta²⁴ 'to fall' | do²¹ | do²¹ '踩 (to step on)' | |||
| 4 | to drip | 撒、滴 | *dɑ¹ᴴ | ta⁵⁵ | ta⁵³ | ʦʰə⁵⁴ ta⁵⁴ '滴水 (water drips)' | do⁵⁵ | ||
| 5 | to wear | 穿 | *dɑ⁴ | ta²⁴ | ta³⁵ | ta³⁵ | ta³⁵ | do²¹ | |
| 6 | to grip | 握 | *dzɑ¹ᴹ | ʦa⁵³ '拿 (to hold)' | ʦa⁵⁴ | ʦa⁵³ | dzo¹³ | ||
| 7 | to step on | 踩 | *ʥɑ⁴ | ʦa²⁴ | ʦa³⁵ | ʦa³⁵ | do²¹ | ||
| 8 | to bite | 咬、吃 | *gɑ³ | ka⁵¹ | ka³⁵ | ka³⁵ | ka³⁵ | go¹³ | go⁵³ |
| 9 | crow | 烏鴉 | *gɑ² | ka²¹ | ka²¹ | a³³-³¹ kã³³; a³³ ka⁵⁴ | go³⁵ | ||
| 10 | to marry (receive) | 娶、取 | *ɣɑ² | a²¹ | a²¹ | ɣa³³; ɣa⁵⁴ | ɣa²¹ | a³⁵ | |
| 11 | to write | 寫 | *ɣɑ³ | a²⁴ | a³⁵ | ɣa³⁵ | ɣa³⁵ | wo⁵⁵ | |
| 12 | to go pass | 過 v. | *ɣɑ³ | a²⁴ | a³⁵ | ɣa³⁵ | a²¹ | wo⁵⁵ | |
| 13 | to feed | 餵 | *ɣɑ¹ᴸ | a⁵¹ | a⁵³ | a⁵⁴ | ɣa⁵³ | ʔo¹³ | |
| 14 | firewood | 柴 | *kʰɑ² | kʰa²¹ | kʰa⁵⁴; kʰa³³ tʰõ³³ '木头 (wood)' | kʰa²¹; kʰa⁵⁵ muŋ⁵⁵ '树' | kʰo³⁵ | ||
| 15 | to lick | 舔 | *lɑ⁴ | la²⁴ | la³⁵ | la³⁵ | lio²¹ | lo²¹ | |
| 16 | to sew | 縫 | *lɑ² | la²¹ | la²¹ | la³³ | la²¹ | lo³⁵ | |
| 17 | road | 路 | *lɑ¹ᴹ | la⁵¹ | la⁵³ | la⁵⁴ | lo³³ | ||
| 18 | son-in-law | 女婿 | *mɑ⁴ | ma²⁴ | ma³⁵ | ma³³; ma³⁵ | mo²¹ ŋɨ²¹ | ||
| 19 | I | 我 | *ŋɑ¹ᴹ | ŋa²⁴ | ŋa³⁵ (nom.); ŋa⁵³ (acc.) | ŋa³³ | ŋa³⁵ | ŋo³³ | |
| 20 | to cut with knife | 割 | *ŋɑ¹ᴸ | ŋa⁵¹ | ŋa⁵³ | ŋã⁵⁴ | ŋ⁵⁵(typo?) | ŋo¹³ | |
| 21 | small | 小 | *sɑ¹ᴹ | suã⁵¹ | suan⁵³ | so⁵⁴ | suã⁵³ | sa³³ | |
| 22 | to split | 劈 | *sɑ¹ᴴ | sa⁵⁵ | sa⁵⁵ | sa⁵⁴ | sa²¹ | so⁵⁵ | |
| 23 | silkworm | 蠶 | *sɑ¹ᴹ | sai⁵¹ | sai⁵³ | so³³ | so³³ ȵi⁵⁵ | ||
| 24 | to float | 浮 | *tʰɑ² | tʰa²¹ | tʰa²¹ | tʰa³³ | to³⁵ (Xu 2020) | ||
| 25 | good | 好 | *ʦʰɑ⁴ | ʦʰa²⁴ | ʦʰa³⁵ | ʦʰa³³-³⁵ | ʦʰai³⁵ | ʦʰo²¹ | |
| 26 | to wash | 洗 | *zɑ²/? | ʦa²⁴ | ʦa³⁵ | ʦa³³ | ʦa³⁵ | ʦʰe³³ zo¹³ | zo³⁵ (sʰower) |
| 27 | negative imperative | 禁止 | *tæ¹ᴴ | tʰa⁵¹ | tʰa⁵³ | tʰa³³ | ta³³; ta²¹; ta¹³ | ||
| 28 | to pull | 拔 | *ʦʰæ² | ʨʰi⁵³ ʨʰa³⁵ | ʦʰa³⁵ | ʦʰa³⁵ | |||
| 29 | to rise (water) | 漲 | *dɑC² | tuɔ²¹ 'tɔ flɔw' | da³⁵; da¹³ | da²¹; da³⁵ | |||
| 30 | to chop | 剁 | *dɑC¹ᴸ | tuɔ⁵¹ | to⁵³ '砍' | tu⁵⁴ to³³ | da¹³ | ||
| 31 | to beg | 乞討 | *gɑC⁴ | ko³⁵ | ko³⁵ | ga²¹ | |||
| 32 | pro-3rd-sg | 他 | *kɑC¹ᴹ | kuɔ²⁴ | ko³⁵ (nom.); ko⁵³ (acc.) | ko³³ | ko³⁵ | ka³³ | |
| 33 | to break (from the middle) | 斷 | *kʰɑC² | kʰuɔ²¹ | kʰo²¹ | kʰa³⁵ | |||
| 34 | to boil | 煮 | *lɑC³ | lo³⁵ | lo³⁵ | la⁵⁵ | |||
| 35 | person | 人 | *ȵɑC¹ᴹ | luɔ⁵¹ | lo⁵³ | no⁵⁴ | lo⁵³; lo⁵⁵ | ȵa³³ | |
| 36 | silver | 銀子 | *ŋɑC¹ᴹ | ŋɔ⁵¹ | ŋo⁵³ | ŋo⁵⁴ | ŋo⁵³ | ŋa³³ | |
| 37 | to wash | 淘洗 | *[ŋ/ʔ]ɑC¹ᴴ | wɔ⁵⁵ | o⁵³ | ɣo⁵⁴ | wo⁵⁵ | ŋa⁵⁵ | |
| 38 | to release | 放 | *pʰɑC¹ᴴ | pʰɔ⁵⁵ | pʰo⁵³ | pʰo⁵⁴ | pʰa⁵⁵ | ||
| 39 | earth | 地 | *ɹɑC¹ᴴ | zuɔ⁵¹ | zo⁵³ '土' | zo³⁵ | zo⁵⁵ | za⁵⁵ | |
| 40 | sheep, goat | 羊 | *ɹɑC⁴ | zuɔ²⁴ | zo³⁵ | zo³⁵ | zo²¹ | zo²¹ nũ²¹; zo²¹ loŋ²¹ | |
| 41 | house | 房子 | *ʦʰɑC¹ᴹ | ʦʰuɔ⁵¹ | ʦʰo⁵³ | ʦʰo⁵⁴ | ʦʰu⁵⁵; ʦʰu⁵⁵ 'ʰome' | ʦʰo³³ | |
| 42 | to carry on the back | 背 v. | *ʔɑC¹ᴹ | wɔ⁵¹ | o⁵³ | wo⁵⁵ | ʔa³³ | ||
| 43 | bovine | 牛 | *ʔɑw⁴ | au³⁵ | au³⁵ | o²¹ | |||
| 44 | iron | 鐵 | *ɕe¹ᴹ | ɕiɛ⁵¹ | ɕe⁵⁴ | ɕe⁵⁴ | ɕe⁵³ | ɕe³³ | |
| 45 | to swing | 甩 | *ɕe² | ɕe²¹ '摇' | ɕie³⁵ | ||||
| 46 | hand | 手 | *ʥe³ | ʨiɛ²⁴ | ʨe³⁵ | ʨe³⁵ | ʨe³⁵ | a³⁵ ʥie⁵⁵ | ʔa³⁵ ʨe⁵³ |
| 47 | to compel | 逼 | *[p/pʰ]e ? | pie²¹ | pie²¹ | ||||
| 48 | to scrape | 刮 | *pʰe¹ᴴ | pʰiɛ⁵¹ 'tɔ pluck' | pʰiɛ⁵⁴; pʰie⁵⁴ | pʰie⁵³ | pʰie⁵⁵ | ||
| 49 | mouse | 鼠 | *ɹe² | zɤ²¹ | ze²¹ | zə³³ | ze²¹ | ze³⁵ | |
| 50 | wine | 酒 | *ɹe⁴ | zɤ²⁴ | ze³⁵ | zə³⁵ | ze³⁵ | ze²¹ | |
| 51 | to swallow | 吞 | *ɹe⁴ | zɤ²⁴ | ze³⁵ | zə³³ | ze³⁵ | ze³⁵; ze¹³ | ze¹³; ze²¹ |
| 52 | medicine | 藥 | *se² | se⁵³ ʦo⁵³ '医生 (doctor)' | sə⁵⁴ | se²¹ | se³⁵ | ||
| 53 | to die | 死 | *se⁴ | sɤ²⁴ | se³⁵ | sə³⁵ tʰu³³ '死的 (dead)'; sə³³; no⁵⁴ sə³⁵ '死人 (dead person)' | se³⁵ | se²¹ | |
| 54 | water | 水 | *ʦʰe² | ʦʰɤ²¹ | ʦʰe²¹ | ʦʰə⁵⁴; ʦʰə³³ in '打水 (to get water)' | ʦʰe²¹ | ʦʰe³⁵ | |
| 55 | to arrive | 到 | *ʔe ? | jɛ⁵¹ | ie⁵³ | ʑe⁵⁴ | je⁵⁵ lio⁵⁵ | je²¹ '去' | |
| 56 | Hmongic | 苗族 | *b[e/ɤ] ? | pe³⁵ kʰa²¹ | pɯə³⁵ kʰa⁵⁴ | bie³³ | bie³¹ ʕɯ³¹ ȵia²¹ | ||
| 57 | sleep | 睡 | *ȵ[e/ɤ]⁴ | ȵiɛ²⁴ | ȵie³⁵ | ȵe³³ pie⁵⁵ ʦe³³ '困' | ȵe²¹ | ||
| 58 | to laugh | 笑 | *ȵ[e/ɤ]¹ᴹ | ȵiɛ⁵¹ | ȵie⁵³ | ȵie⁵⁴ | ȵe⁵³ | ȵie³³ | |
| 59 | riped | 熟 | *beC[¹ᴹ/¹ᴴ] | pɤ²¹ pɤi⁵⁵ | pɯe³³ | bɯ³³ | bɯ⁵³; bɯu⁵³ | ||
| 60 | to blow | 吹 | *meC³ | miɛ²⁴ | mie³⁵ | mie³⁵; miɛ³⁵ | mie³⁵ | mi⁵⁵ | mi⁵³ |
| 61 | to steal | 偷 | *ɣɤ³ | e³⁵ | ɣə³⁵; ɣɯ³⁵ | ɣəu³⁵ | ɣɯe⁵³ | ||
| 62 | to steal | 偷 | *xɤ ? | xɤ²¹ | ʕe⁵⁵ | ||||
| 63 | to carry | 搬 | *bɤ¹ᴹ | pɤ⁵¹ | pɯe⁵⁴; po⁵⁴ | pɯe⁵⁵ | bie³³; bɨe³³ '抬' | ||
| 64 | to think | 想 | *dɤ³ | tiɛ²⁴ | tie³⁵ | tie³⁵ | tie³⁵ | de⁵⁵ | die⁵³ |
| 65 | slow | 慢 | *dɤ¹ᴴ | mã²⁴ | te⁵³ | tie³⁵ die²¹ mo²¹ mo²¹ | de⁵⁵ | de⁵³ | |
| 66 | to broke in the middle | 破、斷 | *dɤ² | te²¹ | tie³³ kʰa³³ la³³ '破烂' | so⁵⁵ tie²¹ '割断 (to cut)' | de³⁵ | die³⁵ | |
| 67 | drunk | 醉 | *ʥɤ² | ʨiɛ²¹ | ʨe²¹ | ʨe³³ | die³⁵ | ||
| 68 | to fear | 怕 | *gɤ¹ᴹ | kɤ⁵¹ | ke⁵³ | kɯə⁵⁴ | ge³³ | ||
| 69 | long | 長 | *ɣɤ² | ɣɤ²¹ | e²¹ | ɣə³³-³¹ | ɣəu²¹ | ɣe³⁵ | |
| 70 | to give, to feed | 給、送、餵 | *lɤ³ | liɛ²⁴ | le³⁵ | lie³³-³⁵ | lie³⁵ | lie⁵⁵ | |
| 71 | to lay (egg) | 下（蛋） | *lɤ¹ᴴ | le⁵⁵ la⁵³ xu²¹ 'given birth (生下来了)' | lie³³ | lie⁵⁵ | lie²¹; lie⁵³ | ||
| 72 | sky | 天 | *mɤ⁴ | mɤ²⁴ | me³⁵ | mɯe³⁵ | mɯe³⁵ | mɨe²¹ | |
| 73 | to lie on one's belly | 趴著、孵 'to lie down' | *pʰɤ² | pʰɤ²¹ | pʰɯe³³ | pʰɨe³⁵ | |||
| 74 | to wrap | 包 | *pʰɤ¹ᴴ | pʰɤ⁵⁵ | pʰe⁵³ | a⁵⁴ pʰɯe³³-³¹ | pʰe⁵⁵ | ||
| 75 | to lie down, to lower one's head | 低頭、躺 | *pʰɤ² | pʰe²¹ | pʰe³⁵ | ||||
| 76 | grandson | 孫子 | *ɹɤ¹ᴹ | zɤ⁵¹ | ze⁵³ | zə³⁵ pi³⁵-³³; zə³⁵-⁵⁴ | zə⁵³ pi³⁵ | ze³³ | |
| 77 | feces | 屎 | *sɤ² | sɤ²¹ | se²¹ | sə³³ | sə²¹ | se³⁵ | |
| 78 | to plant, to stick in | 插、栽 | *sɤ¹ᴴ | sɤ⁵⁵ 'tɔ sɔw' | se⁵³ | sə⁵⁴ | sə⁵⁵ | se⁵⁵ | |
| 79 | female genital | 女陰 | *tʰɤ² | tʰiɛ²¹ | tʰe²¹ | tʰie⁵⁴ | tʰe³⁵ (Xu 2020) | tʰe³⁵ bu²¹ | |
| 80 | to pick (flower) | 摘 | *tʰɤ³ | tʰiɛ²⁴ | tʰe³⁵ | tʰie⁵⁵ | tʰie⁵³ | ||
| 81 | rain | 雨 | *ʦɤ² | mɤ²⁴ ʦɤ²¹ | me³⁵ ʦe²¹ | mɯe³⁵ | dzə²¹ | ze²¹ | |
| 82 | to be willing to | 肯 | *ʦʰɤ³ | -ʦʰɤ⁵⁵ | ʦʰe³³ | ʦʰə³⁵ '愿意' | ʦʰɨe⁵⁵ | ||
| 83 | to rain | 下（雨） | *zɤ² | ʦɤ²¹ | ʦe²¹ | ʦə³³ | dzə²¹ | ze³⁵ | ze³⁵ |
| 84 | soft | 柔軟 | *bɤC¹ᴴ | pɤ²⁴; pɤ²¹ pɤi⁵⁵ | pɯɛ³³ pɯɛ³³-³⁵ | pɯe²¹ pɯe³⁵ die²¹ | bɯ³⁵ | ||
| 85 | similar | 像 | *dzɤC² | ʦɤ²¹ | ta⁵³ ʦe²¹ | ʦə³³ | dzɿ³⁵ | ||
| 86 | diluted | 稀 | *bi¹ᴴ | kʰa⁵⁵ piɛ⁵⁵ 'wet' | kʰa⁵⁴ pi³³ lie³³ | pie⁵⁵ | bi⁵⁵ | ||
| 87 | flat | 平 | *bi¹ᴹ | pi²¹ | pi²¹ tʰa²¹ tʰa²¹ | bi³¹; bi³³ | |||
| 88 | sharp | 鋒利 | *ɕi¹ᴸ | ɕi⁵¹ | ɕi⁵³ | ɕi⁵⁴ | ɣa³⁵ | kau⁵⁵ ɕi¹³ ʨie '使锐利' | |
| 89 | to need, to owe | 需要、欠 | *di¹ᴸ | ti⁵³ | ti⁵⁴ | ti⁵³ | di³⁵; di¹³ | ||
| 90 | sickness | 病 | *di⁴ | ti³⁵ 'painful (痛)' | ti³⁵ | di²¹; dɯ²¹ | |||
| 91 | to become | 變成 | *dzi ? | ʦɿ²⁴ | ʦi³⁵ | ʥi⁵⁵ lio⁵⁵ | ʥi³⁵ | ||
| 92 | to walk | 走 | *ɣi⁴ | ɣɨ²⁴ | ei³⁵ | ɣə³³-³⁵ | ɣɯ³⁵ | ɣi³⁵; ɣi²¹ | |
| 93 | to sweep | 掃 | *ɣi² | ɣɨ²¹ | ei²¹ | ɣɯ³³; ə³³ | ɣɯ²¹ | ʔɨ⁵⁵ | ɣɯ³⁵ |
| 94 | to cut with a saw | 鋸 | *kʰi ? | kʰi³⁵ | kʰɯ³⁵ | kʰɯ³⁵ | kʰi³³ | ||
| 95 | hard | 堅硬 | *kʰi¹ᴸ | kʰi⁵³ | kʰɯ⁵³ | kʰi¹³ | kʰɨ¹³ '浓稠' (1986S) | ||
| 96 | fire | 火 | *mi¹ᴴ | mi⁵¹ | mi⁵⁵ | mi⁵⁴ | mi⁵⁵ | mi⁵⁵ | |
| 97 | to spread out | 鋪開 | *mi² | mi²¹ | mi³³ | mi³⁵ | |||
| 98 | you | 你 | *ȵi¹ᴹ | ȵi²⁴ | ȵi³⁵ (nom.); ȵi⁵³ (acc.) | ȵi³³ | ȵi³⁵; ȵi⁵⁵ | ȵi³³ | |
| 99 | to lend | 借出 | *ŋi¹ᴴ | oŋ⁵³ | ɣõ⁵⁴ | ŋɨ⁵⁵ | |||
| 100 | five | 五 | *ŋi¹ᴹ | ɔ̃⁵⁵ | oŋ³⁵ pu⁵³ | õ⁵⁴ na⁵⁴ xu³³ | uŋ⁵⁵ | ŋi³³ | |
| 101 | to puke | 嘔吐 | *pʰi³ | pʰi²⁴ | pʰi³⁵ | pʰi³³ | pʰi³⁵ | pʰi⁵⁵ | |
| 102 | to get | 得到 | *ti ? | tʰi²¹ | tʰi²¹ | tʰi³³ | tʰi²¹ lio⁵⁵ | ti⁵⁵ | |
| 103 | scale | 秤 | *ʨʰi¹ᴹ | ʨʰi⁵¹ | ʨʰi⁵³ | ʨʰi⁵⁴ | ʨʰi⁵³ 'to measure the weight of' | ʨʰi³³ | |
| 104 | jin | 斤 | *ʨʰi¹ᴹ | ʨʰi⁵⁵ | ʨʰi⁵³ | ʨʰi³³ | ʨʰi³³ | ʨʰi²¹ | |
| 105 | paint | 漆 | *ʨʰi⁴ | ʨʰi³⁵ | ʨʰi²¹ (Yang 2011) | ||||
| 106 | to wait | 等待 | *tʰi¹ᴹ | tʰi⁵⁵ | tʰi⁵⁴ | tʰi²¹ bo²¹ | tʰi³³ | ||
| 107 | to rest | 休息 | *xi[¹ᴹ/¹ᴴ] | xɨ⁵¹ | xei⁵³ | xɯ⁵⁴; xəu⁵⁴ | xɯ⁵⁵ bo²¹ | ʕi³³ | |
| 108 | to see | 看見 | *ʔi² | ji²¹ | i²¹ | ʑi³³ | ji²¹ lio⁵⁵ | bo³⁵ ji³⁵ | |
| 109 | have | 有 | *ʔi ? | tʰai²⁴ 'tɔ nɔt have' | tʰai³⁵ 'to not have' | tʰɛ³⁵ | ɕe³⁵ | ji³⁵ | |
| 110 | to cry | 哭 | *dziC⁴ | ʦɿ²⁴ | ʦi³⁵ | ʨi³³ | ʥi³⁵ | ʥi²¹ | |
| 111 | tiger | 老虎 | *lie⁴ | li²⁴ | li³⁵ | li³³; li³⁵ | li³⁵ pa⁵⁵ | lie²¹ | |
| 112 | to light up | 點燃 | *tʰie⁴ | tʰi³⁵ | tʰi³⁵ | tʰi²¹ | tʰe²¹ | ||
| 113 | to answer | 答應 | *tʰie³ | tʰi³⁵ | tʰi³³; tʰi³⁵ | tʰi³⁵ | tʰɨ²¹ | tʰe²¹ | |
| 114 | to grow fruit | 結（果子） | *dzɿ² | ʨi²⁴ | ʦi²¹ | ʦɿ³³ '成 (to become)' | dzi³⁵ | ||
| 115 | pig | 豬 | *dzɿ¹ᴸ | ʦɿ⁵¹ | ʦi⁵³ | ʦɿ⁵⁴ | ʦɿ⁵³ | dzi¹³ | |
| 116 | rice, meal | 飯 | *dzɿ² | ʦɿ²¹ | ʦi²¹ | ʦɿ³³ | dzɿ²¹ | dzi³⁵ | |
| 117 | to snow | 下（雪） | *dzɿ³ | su²⁴ su⁵⁵ ʦɿ²⁴ | ʦi³⁵ | ʦɿ³⁵ | dzi⁵⁵ | ||
| 118 | net | 網 | *ɹɿ¹ᴴ | zi²¹ | zɿ⁵⁴ | zi⁵⁵ (Xu 2020) | |||
| 119 | to do | 做 | *ɹɿ¹ᴸ | zɿ⁵⁵ | zi⁵³ | zɿ⁵⁴ | zɿ⁵⁵ | zi¹³ | |
| 120 | many | 多 | *ɹɿ² | zɿ²¹ | zi²¹ | zɿ³³ | zɿ²¹ | zi³⁵ | |
| 121 | meat | 肉 | *sɿ² | sɿ²⁴ ⁵⁵ | sɿ⁵⁴ | si²¹; sɿ²¹ | si³⁵ | ||
| 122 | fat (adj.) | 肥 | *sɿ⁴ | si³⁵ | sɿ³³; sɿ³⁵ | se²¹ sɿ³⁵ | si²¹ | ||
| 123 | to send away | 送（走） | *sɿ⁴ | sɿ²¹ ⁵ | sɿ³⁵ | si²¹ | |||
| 124 | to grow | 生長 | *sɿ² | sɿ²⁴ ⁵⁵ | sɿ³³ '长' | si³⁵ '生（小孩）' | |||
| 125 | boat | 船 | *bu¹ᴸ | pu⁵¹ | pu⁵³ | pu⁵⁴ | pei⁵³ | bu¹³ | |
| 126 | to pound | 舂 | *bu³ | pu²⁴ | pu³⁵ '磕 (to knock)' | bu⁵⁵ '打' | |||
| 127 | to stand | 站 | *ʥu¹ᴹ | ʦu⁵⁵ ʦu⁵¹; ʦu⁵⁵ | ʦu⁵⁴ ʦu³³ | ʦu⁵⁵ | du³³ | ||
| 128 | to crawl | 爬、上 | *gu² | ku²¹ | ku⁵⁴ | ku²¹ | gu³⁵ | ||
| 129 | sell | 賣 | *lu² | lu²¹ | lu²¹ | lu³³ | lu²¹ | lu¹³ | |
| 130 | to lend out | 借出 | *lu⁴ | lu³⁵ | gu²¹ lu²¹ lu²¹ '借钱' | ||||
| 131 | buy | 買 | *pʰu¹ᴴ | pʰu⁵⁵ | pʰei⁵³ | pʰu⁵⁴ | pʰu⁵⁵ | pʰu⁵⁵ | |
| 132 | daughter-in-law | 兒媳 | *pʰu⁴ | pʰu²⁴ | pʰu³⁵ | pʰu³⁵ | pʰu²¹ ŋɨ²¹ | ||
| 133 | dragon | 龍 | *pʰu⁴ | pʰu²⁴ | pʰu³⁵ | pʰu³³ | pʰo²¹ | pʰ̬o²¹ nũ²¹ | |
| 134 | light-weighted | 輕 | *ɹu¹ᴸ | ʨʰĩ⁵⁵ | zu⁵³ | zu⁵⁴ | zu⁵³ | zu¹³ | |
| 135 | to crow | 啼 | *ɹu⁴ | zɔ̃²⁴ | zoŋ³⁵ | zõ³⁵ '叫' | zuŋ³⁵ | zu²¹ | |
| 136 | to water (a plant) | 澆 | *tu⁴ | tʰu³⁵ | tʰu³³ | to³⁵ (Xu 2020) | |||
| 137 | to contain | 裝 | *ʨu¹ᴸ | ʦʰu⁵¹ | ʦʰu⁵³ | ʦʰu⁵⁴ | tu¹³ | du¹³ | |
| 138 | to pick up | 撿 | *tʰu¹ᴴ | tʰu⁵³ | tʰu⁵⁵ tʰu³³ | tʰu⁵⁵ | tʰu⁵⁵ | ||
| 139 | straight | 直 | *ʦʰu² | ʦʰu²¹ ʦʰu²¹ | ʦʰu³⁵ ʦʰu³⁵ | ʦʰu³⁵ ʦʰu¹³ | |||
| 140 | swollen | 腫 | *xu² | xu²¹ | xu²¹ | xu³³ | fu³⁵ | ||
| 141 | drill | 鑽子 | *ʔu¹ᴴ | wu⁵⁵ ʦuã³³ | wu⁵⁵ | ||||
| 142 | to measure | 量 | *ʔu¹ᴹ | wu²¹ | u²¹ | ɣu⁵⁴; wu⁵⁴ | wu³³ '量(布)'; wu¹³ '量(米)' | ||
| 143 | rice steamer | 甑子 | *buŋ¹ᴹ | pɔ̃⁵¹ | põ⁵⁴ | bɯ³³ | |||
| 144 | short | 短 | *dzuŋ¹ᴸ | ʦoŋ⁵³ | ʦõ⁵⁴ | dzɯ¹³ | |||
| 145 | rotten | 腐爛 | *[l/n]uŋ¹ᴴ | lɔ̃⁵⁵ | loŋ⁵⁵ '朽' | luŋ⁵⁵ ɕe²¹ | nẽ⁵⁵ | ||
| 146 | to feed | 飼養 | *nuŋ¹ᴹ | loŋ⁵³ | nõ⁵⁵; nõ⁵⁴ | luŋ⁵⁵ | nẽ³³; lẽ³³ | ||
| 147 | year | 年 | *ȵuŋ² | lɔ̃⁵⁵ | loŋ²¹ | nõ³³ | ȵɯ³⁵ | ||
| 148 | to cough | 咳嗽 | *ȵuŋ¹ᴴ | lɔ̃⁵⁵ | loŋ⁵³ se²¹ | ȵu⁵⁴; nõ⁵⁴ | nuŋ⁵⁵ zo²¹ | ȵɯ⁵⁵ | |
| 149 | to steam | 蒸 | *tuŋ¹ᴹ | tʰɔ̃⁵¹ | tʰoŋ⁵³ | tʰõ⁵⁴ | tʰuŋ⁵³ | tɯ³³ | |
| 150 | to open | 打開 | *tʰuŋ⁴ | tʰɔ̃²⁴ | tʰoŋ³⁵ | tʰõ³⁵ | tʰuŋ³⁵ | tʰɯ²¹ | |
| 151 | to sit | 坐 | *ʔuŋ² | ɔ̃²¹ | oŋ²¹ | ɣõ³⁵ '住 (to live at)' | uŋ²¹ | ʔɯ³⁵ | |
| 152 | to grow up | 長大 | *ʔuŋ⁴ | ɔ̃²⁴ | oŋ³⁵ | õ³⁵ | uŋ³⁵ | ʔɯ²¹ | |
| 153 | to fry | 油炸 | *bɯ¹ᴹ | pu²¹ | bu⁵³ | ||||
| 154 | to soak | 浸泡 | *bɯ¹ᴸ | pu⁵³ | pu⁵⁴ po³³-³¹ | bɯ¹³ | |||
| 155 | heavy | 重 | *dɯ¹ᴸ | ʦɔ̃²⁴ | tu⁵² | tu⁵⁴ | tu⁵³ | dɯ¹³ | |
| 156 | to exit | 出 | *dzɯ³ | ʦʰɿ²¹ | ʦu³⁵ | ʦu³³-³⁵ | ʦu³⁵ | dzɯ⁵⁵ | |
| 157 | to belong to a Chinese zodiac | 屬（豬） | *dzɯ⁴ | ʦu³⁵ | ʦu³³ ɕe³³ | dzʉ¹³ (Xu 2020) | |||
| 158 | drink | 喝 | *xɯ² | xu²¹ | xu²¹ | xu³³ | xu⁵⁵ | ħɯ³⁵ | |
| 159 | to burn | 燒 | *ʔɯ³ | wu²⁴ | u³⁵ | wu³⁵; wu⁵⁴-³³ | ʔɯ⁵⁵ | ||
| 1001 | male genital | 男生殖器 | *ɹiC² | zɿ²¹ | zi²¹ '男根' | ʑi⁵⁴ | ji¹³ doŋ²¹ | ||
| 1002 | what | 什麼 | *ʦʰ[V]¹ᴴ | ʨʰiɛ⁵¹ | ʦʰi⁵⁵ ʦʰi⁵³ | ʨʰe³⁵ | ʨʰe³⁵ ɕi³⁵ | ʦʰɯ⁵⁵ ɣo²¹ | |
| 1003 | head | 頭 | *bɑ¹ᴴ | kʰo⁵³ pa⁵³ | kʰu⁵⁵ pa³³-³¹; kʰo⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ | kʰo⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ | a¹³ bo⁵⁵ | ||
| 1004 | male | 公 | *bɑ¹ᴹ | -a⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ | a⁵³ pa²¹ | za³³ pa³³ '公鸡 (cock)' | bo³³ | ||
| 1005 | dry | 乾 | *gɑ² | a⁵⁵ ka²¹ | a⁵⁵ ka²¹ | a⁵⁴ ka³³ | ka²¹; a⁵⁵ ka²¹ | go³⁵ | |
| 1006 | thick | 厚 | *lɑ¹ᴹ | la²⁴ | la³⁵ | la³³ | la³⁵ | ʔa²¹ lo²¹ | |
| 1007 | mosquito | 蚊子 | *mɑ¹ᴹ | ma⁵⁵ kʰu²¹ li²¹ | ma⁵³ kʰo⁵³ li²¹ | dzɨ³³ mo³³ | dzɿ²¹ mo²¹; dzɿ²¹ mao²¹; | ||
| 1008 | cloth | 布 | *nɑ¹ᴹ | sɿ⁵⁵ lã⁵⁵ | ɕi⁵⁵ lan⁵³ kʰa⁵³ pʰu⁵³ '土家织锦' | ĩ⁵⁴ na³³ '被子 (quilt)' | ɕin⁵⁵ nã⁵⁵ '被子 (quilt)' | lo³³ | |
| 1009 | black | 黑 | *nɑ⁴ | lã²⁴ ka⁵⁵ | lan³⁵ ka²¹ | nõ³⁵ ka³³ | lã³⁵ ka⁵³ | lo²¹ | lo²¹ |
| 1010 | fan | 扇子 | *nɑ ? | lã²¹ ʨʰiɛ²¹ | lan²¹ ʨʰe⁵³ | lã³³ ʦʰɛ³⁵ | no²¹ zo²¹ | ||
| 1011 | to expose under sun | 曬 | *nɑ² | lã²¹ lã²⁴ | lan²¹ lan⁵³ | na³³ na³⁵ | lo³⁵ ʰo¹³ | ||
| 1012 | bad | 壞 | *ȵɑ⁴ | ɕi²⁴ lã⁵⁵ | nã³³ | ȵi³³ nã³³ | ɕi³⁵ la³⁵ | ki⁴⁴ ȵo²¹ | |
| 1013 | song | 歌 | *pʰɑ¹ᴴ | pʰa²¹ pʰa⁵⁵ 'stɔry' | a¹³ pʰo⁵⁵ | ||||
| 1014 | old lady | 老太太 | *pʰɑ⁴ | pʰa²⁴ ȵi⁵⁵ | pʰa³³ pʰa³⁵ '曾祖母 (grandma)' | pʰo³³ | |||
| 1015 | Chinese | 漢 | *pʰɑ¹ᴴ | pʰa⁵⁵ | pʰa⁵⁵ kʰa³³ | pʰa⁵⁵ lie²¹ ʕei⁵⁵ wu²¹ '汉族 (Han people)' | |||
| 1016 | hairs | 頭髮 | *sɑ⁴ | sa²⁴ ʨʰi⁵⁵ | sa³⁵ ʨʰi⁵³ | sa³⁵ ʨʰi³³ | sa³⁵ ʨʰi⁵⁵ | ʔa²¹ so²¹ | |
| 1017 | cedar tree | 杉樹 | *sɑ⁴ | sa²⁴ kʰa²¹ mɔ̃²¹ | sa³⁵ kʰa²¹ kʰa²¹ moŋ²¹ | sa⁵⁴ kʰa⁵⁴ mu³³ | so²¹ | ||
| 1018 | to weave | 織 | *tɑ¹ᴹ | tʰa⁵¹ | tʰa⁵³ | tʰa⁵⁴ | to³³ ʨi³³ | ||
| 1019 | sour | 酸 | *ʔɑ² | a²¹ pʰi²⁴ pʰi⁵⁵ | a²¹ pʰi⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵ | ɣa³³ pʰi³³ pʰi³³ | ɣa²¹ pʰi⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵ | wo³⁵; ɣo³⁵ | |
| 1020 | sun | 太陽 | *nɑw² | lau²¹ | lau²¹ | nɔ³⁵; nɔ³³ | lo³⁵ ji³³ dɯ¹³ | ||
| 1021 | one | 一 | *næ⁴ | la²⁴ | la³⁵ bu⁵³ | na⁵⁴ pu³³-⁵⁵ | la³⁵ | la²¹ | |
| 1022 | night | 夜晚 | *næ ? | la²¹ jɛ²⁴ | la²¹ ie³⁵ | na³³ ʑɔ³⁵ | la³⁵ jo⁵⁵ | dza¹³ la²¹; la²¹ pʰe²¹ tei⁵⁵ | la²¹ pʰɯe³⁵ te²¹ |
| 1023 | right side | 右 | *tæ⁴ | tʰa²⁴ pu⁵⁵ ʨiɛ²¹ | tʰa³⁵ pu⁵³ ʨe²¹ 'left side (左边)' | tʰa³⁵ pu⁵⁵ ʥe⁵⁵ '左' | ta²¹ ze³⁵ | ||
| 1024 | sparrow | 喜鵲 | *ʦʰæ² | ʦʰa²⁴ ʦʰa⁵⁵ | ʦʰa³⁵ ʦʰa²¹ | ʦʰa³³ ʦʰa³⁵ | ʦʰa³³ ʦʰa³³ niã¹³ | ||
| 1025 | round | 圓 | *bɑC¹ᴴ | pɔ²¹ luɔ⁵⁵ luɔ⁵⁵ | po⁵³ lo⁵³ lo²¹ | ba⁵⁵ kʰo²¹ '螺 (snail)' | |||
| 1026 | eye, blind | 眼睛、盲 | *lɑC³ | luɔ²⁴ pu⁵⁵ | lo³⁵ pu⁵³ | lo³⁵ pu³³-⁵⁴ | lo³⁵ pu³⁵ | a¹³ la⁵⁵ | a²¹ la²¹ ʥi²¹ |
| 1027 | cat | 貓 | *mɑC² | mɔ²¹ | mo²¹ | mo³³ | ma²¹ ʨi³⁵ | ||
| 1028 | three | 三 | *sɑC¹ᴹ | suɔ⁵⁵ | so⁵³ pu⁵³ | so⁵⁴ na⁵⁴ xu³³ '三个' | so⁵⁵ | sa³³ | |
| 1029 | dew | 露水 | *sɑC¹ᴴ | suɔ⁵⁵ ʦʰɤ²¹ | so⁵³ ʦʰe²¹ | ʔa²¹ sa²¹ ʦʰe³⁵ | |||
| 1030 | at first | 先 | *be² | ta²¹ pʰiɛ⁵⁵ | ta³⁵ pie²¹ | na³³ pie⁵⁴ | bie³⁵ | ||
| 1031 | comb | 梳子 | *ɕe ? | kʰa²¹ ɕiɛ²¹ | kʰa⁵⁴ ɕe³³-³¹ | ɕie²¹ bie³³ | |||
| 1032 | shoe | 鞋 | *ɕe³ | ʦʰuɔ²¹ ɕiɛ²⁴ | ʦʰo³³ ɕe³⁵; ʦo³³ ɕɛ³⁵ | ȵo²¹ ɕie⁵⁵ | lo²¹ ɕie⁵³ | ||
| 1033 | direction | 方向 | *kʰe ? | kʰe²¹ le⁵⁵ | mɨe⁵⁵ kʰɨe²¹ | ||||
| 1034 | four | 四 | *ɹe¹ᴹ | zɤ⁵⁵ | ze⁵³ pu⁵³ | zə⁵⁴ pu³³ | ze⁵⁵ | zɨe³⁵ bu²¹ | |
| 1035 | wind | 風 | *ɹe⁴ | zɤ²⁴ su⁵¹ | ze³⁵ su⁵³ | zə³⁵ sɿ³³-⁵⁴ | zəu³⁵ su⁵⁵; ze³⁵ su⁵³ | ze²¹ | |
| 1036 | y'all | 你們 | *se⁴ | sɤ²⁴ | se³⁵ | sə³³ | se³⁵ ka⁵⁵ ɣɯ²¹ | ɯ²¹ ɕi²¹; ʔɨ²¹ ɕi²¹ | ʔɯ²¹ se²¹ |
| 1037 | drum | 鼓 | *xe² | xe²¹ | xɯə⁵⁴ | xɯe²¹ | ʕe³⁵ bu²¹ | ||
| 1038 | to ask, to tell | 問、告訴 | *ze ? | ʦɤ²⁴ | ʦe³⁵ | ʦə³³ | ko⁵⁵ dze³⁵ | kɨ⁵⁵ ze³⁵ | gɯ³³ ze³⁵ |
| 1039 | blood | 血 | *m[e/eC]¹ᴸ | miɛ⁵¹ | mie⁵³ | miɛ⁵⁴ miɛ³³-³¹ | mie⁵³ | mi²¹ mi²¹ | mie²¹ mie²¹ |
| 1040 | sound | 聲音 | *ɹ[e/ɤ]¹ᴴ | a²⁴ zɤ⁵⁵ | a³⁵ ze⁵³ | ku¹³ zu⁵⁵ | gu²¹ zu⁵³ | ||
| 1041 | day | （一）天 | *ȵ[e/ɤ]¹ᴹ | ȵiɛ⁵⁵ | la⁵³ ȵie⁵³ | ȵe³³ | ȵe²¹ | ȵe³³ | |
| 1042 | urine | 尿 | *ʦʰ[e/ɤ]¹ᴹ | ɣɤ⁵⁵ ʦʰɤ⁵⁵ | ei⁵³ ʦʰe²¹ | ĩ⁵⁴ ʦʰə⁵⁴-³¹ | ʦʰe³³ ʦʰe³⁵ | ||
| 1043 | some | 些 | *dɤ¹ᴸ | -tiɛ⁵⁵ | te²¹ | de¹³ bo⁵⁵ | |||
| 1044 | to be able to | 會 | *gɤ¹ᴸ | -ɣɤ⁵⁵ | e⁵³ | ə³³; ɣe⁵⁵ | gɨe²¹; ge²¹ | ||
| 1045 | leaf | 葉子 | *ɣɤ¹ᴸ | ɣɤ⁵⁵ tʰa⁵⁵ | ɣə⁵⁵ tʰa³³-³¹ | ɣəu³⁵ la³⁵ | ʔa⁵³ ɣɯe³⁵; ʔa⁵³ ɣɯe¹³ | ||
| 1046 | monkey | 猴 | *ɣɤ² | e⁵³ | ɣə⁵⁴ | ɣəu⁵³ | ɣe³⁵ bie²¹ | ||
| 1047 | smoke | 煙 | *kʰɤ¹ᴴ | kʰɤ²⁴ kʰa⁵¹ | kʰe³⁵ kʰa²¹ | kʰɯə³³ kʰɯə⁵⁴ | kʰəu⁵⁵ kʰa²¹ | kʰe⁵⁵ sa²¹ | |
| 1048 | horn (of an animial) | 角 | *kʰɤ¹ᴹ | kʰɤ⁵¹ | kʰe⁵³ | a⁵⁴ kʰɯə³³ | kʰəu⁵³ | kʰe³³ | |
| 1049 | belly | 肚子 | *mɤ ? | mɤ²¹ | me²¹ | mɯə³³ tie³³; mo³³ ti³³ | mai¹³ ʨi⁵⁵ | ||
| 1050 | two | 二 | bu⁴ | ȵie⁵³ pu⁵³ | ȵe⁵⁴ pu³³ | ȵe⁵⁵ | lie⁵⁵ | ||
| 1051 | seed | 種子 | ȵiɛ⁵⁵ lã⁵⁵ | ȵie⁵³ lan⁵³ | ȵɛ⁵⁴ na³³ | ȵɛ⁵⁵ nã⁵⁵ | ʔa³³ lie³³ | ||
| 1052 | boiling water | 開（水） | *pʰɤ¹ᴹ | pʰɤ⁵⁵ ʦʰɤ²¹ | pʰe⁵³ ʦʰe²¹ | pʰɯə⁵⁴ ʦʰə⁵⁴; pʰɯɛ⁵⁴ | pʰɯe⁵⁵ | pʰe³³ | |
| 1053 | night | 夜 | *pʰɤ⁴ | pʰɤ⁵⁵ | pʰai⁵³ | nɔ³³ ʨi³³ pʰɛ³⁵-⁵⁵ | dza³⁵ pʰe²¹ | ||
| 1054 | bowl | 碗 | *ʨʰɤ² | ʨʰiɛ²¹ pi²⁴ | ʨʰi⁵³ pi⁵³ | ʨʰe³³ pi³⁵ | ʨʰe²¹ bi³⁵ | ʔa⁵⁵ tʰie¹³ | ʔa⁵⁵ tʰie³⁵ |
| 1055 | mouth | 嘴 | *zɤ⁴ | ʦɤ²⁴ | ʦe³⁵ | ʦə³³ | ʦə³⁵ '嘴 (mouth)'; dzə³⁵ '句 (sentence, cl.)'; ʦe⁵⁵ '口 (bite, cl.)' | ze²¹ | |
| 1056 | bran | 糠 | *bi¹ᴸ | ʦʰɿ²⁴ pʰi⁵⁵ | bi²¹ be⁵⁵ | ||||
| 1057 | son | 兒子 | *bi⁴ | pi²⁴ | pi³⁵ | pi³⁵ | bi³⁵ | ʔa³³ bie²¹ | bie²¹ ŋɯ²¹ |
| 1058 | help | 幫 | *ɕi¹ᴸ | ta⁵¹ ɕi⁵¹ | ta⁵³ ɕi⁵⁵ | ta⁵⁴ ɕi³³-³¹ | ʔa²¹ ɕi²¹ | ||
| 1059 | green | 青 | *ɕi⁴ | ɕin³⁵ ka⁵³ te²¹ | ɕĩ³⁵ ka⁵⁴ tõ³³ tõ³³ | ɕin³⁵ ka⁵³ bo²¹ bo²¹ | ɕi²¹ ɕi²¹ | ||
| 1060 | to hear | 聽見 | *ɕi¹ᴴ | ɕi⁵⁵ | ɕi⁵⁴ | ħo³³ ɕi³⁵; ħo³³ zi³³ | |||
| 1061 | tael | 兩 | *dzi¹ᴹ | ʦɿ⁵⁵ (ʨi⁵⁵ ) | ʦi⁵³ | dzi³³ | |||
| 1062 | to fly | 飛 | *ʥi¹ᴹ | ʨi⁵⁵ ʨe⁵³ | m̩³³ ʥi³³ | m̩²¹ ʥi²¹ | |||
| 1063 | feet | 腳 | *ʥi² | ʨi²¹ | a²¹ ʨi²¹ | ʨi³³ pʰa³³ | ʨi²¹ pʰa³⁵ | a³³ ʥi³⁵ | |
| 1064 | skin | 皮 | *ki¹ᴸ | ʦʰɿ⁵⁵ kʰɨ⁵⁵ tʰa⁵⁵ 'paper' | ʦʰi⁵³ kʰei⁵³ tʰa²¹ '纸 (paper)' | ʦʰə⁵⁴ kʰɯə³³ tʰa³³; ʦʰə⁵⁴ kʰe³³ tʰa³³ 'paper' | ʦʰɿ⁵⁵ kʰɯ⁵⁵ tʰa⁵⁵ ''纸 (paper)' | ki²¹ lo²¹ | |
| 1065 | bitter | 苦 | *kʰi³ | kʰɨ²⁴ ʦɿ⁵⁵ | kʰi³⁵ ʦi⁵³ ʦi⁵³ | kʰɯ³³ ʨe³³ ʨe³³; kʰɯ³³ ʨe³³ ʨe³⁵ | kʰɯ³⁵ ʥi⁵⁵ ʥi³⁵ | kʰi⁵⁵ | kʰi⁵³ |
| 1066 | to hang | 掛 | *kʰi ? | kʰi³⁵ kʰi⁵³ | kʰɯ⁵⁴ kʰɯ⁵⁴; kʰɯ³³ kʰɯ³³; kʰɯ³⁵ kʰɯ⁵⁵ | kʰɯ³⁵ kʰɯ³⁵ | kʰi³⁵ | ||
| 1067 | heart | 心 | *li¹ᴸ | li⁵⁵ kʰuɔ⁵⁵ luɔ⁵⁵ | li⁵³ kʰo⁵³ li²¹ | li⁵⁵ tʰo³³ | li⁵⁵ kʰo⁵⁵ lo³⁵ | li²¹ sɿ¹³ '高兴 (happy)' | li²¹ ŋa²¹ (1986S) |
| 1068 | two (days) later | 後天 | *mi³ | mi²⁴ ȵiɛ⁵¹ | mi³³ ȵi³³-⁵⁵; mi³³ ȵe⁵⁵ | mi³⁵ ȵe⁵⁵ | mɨe⁵⁵ kʰɨe²¹ ȵie³³ | ʔa²¹ mu²¹ ȵian²¹ | |
| 1069 | all | 全部 | *ni¹ᴴ | xu³⁵ ȵi⁵³ | kʰɯ³⁵-³³ li⁵⁵ | bu¹³ li⁵⁵ '都' | bu¹³ li⁵³ | ||
| 1070 | female | 雌性 | *ȵi² | ȵɨ²¹ ka²¹ | ȵi³³ ka³³ | ȵi³⁵ | |||
| 1071 | clf. for clothes | 件 | *pi² | pʰi⁵³ | pʰi³³ | pʰi⁵³ | pi³⁵; pi¹³ | ||
| 1072 | divide | 分 | *pʰi² | pʰi²¹ | ʔa³³ pʰi¹³ | a³³ pʰi³³ | pʰi²¹ | da⁴pi³ | |
| 1073 | salt | 鹽 | *si¹ᴴ | ɕi⁵³ la⁵³ | ʔa¹³ sɿ⁵⁵ | ||||
| 1074 | saliva | 涎水 | *si ? | ʦʰɤ²¹ sɿ²¹ | ʦʰe¹³ si⁵⁵ | ||||
| 1075 | sheng | 升 | *si ? | sɿ²¹ | si²¹ kʰo²¹ | ɕi³³; ⁵⁵ | ɕi²¹ kʰo²¹ | sɿ⁵⁵ ʦɨ²¹ | |
| 1076 | clothes | 衣服 | *ti ? | *tʰi ja 體亞; (Tian H. 2006:252, Baojing Xianzhi) | ɕi³³ ti³⁵ | ɕi³³ ti³⁵ | |||
| 1077 | bottom | 底下 | *ti² | pa²¹ tʰi²¹ | pa²¹ ti²¹ | pa³³ tʰi³³ | ba²¹ tʰi³⁵ | a³³ di³⁵ | ʔɯ⁵⁵ ti³⁵ |
| 1078 | nose | 鼻子 | *ʨi¹ᴴ | ɤŋ²⁴ ʨʰi⁵¹ | en³⁵ ʨʰi⁵³ | ĩ⁵⁵ ʨʰi³³ | kɯ¹³ ʨi⁵⁵ dɯ¹³ | ||
| 1079 | soy bean | 豆 | *ʨʰi² | ʨʰi²⁴ pu⁵⁵ | ʨʰi³⁵ pu⁵³ | ʨʰɔ³⁵ pu³³-³⁵; ʨʰe³⁵ pu⁵⁵ lɛ⁵⁵ | ʨʰi³⁵ pu³⁵ le³⁵ | ʨʰi²¹ | |
| 1080 | pheasant | 野雞 | *ʨʰi¹ᴴ | pau²⁴ ʨʰi⁵⁵ | pau³⁵ ʨʰi²¹ | pɔ³⁵ ʨʰi⁵⁴-⁵⁵ | ʨʰi⁵⁵ (chicken) | ||
| 1081 | sore | 毒包、瘡 | *ʦʰi⁴ | ʦʰɿ²⁴ ka⁵⁵ (ʨʰi²⁴ ka⁵⁵ ) | ʨʰe³⁵ ka⁵³ | ʨʰi³³ ka³³ | ʦʰo²¹ bo²¹ | ʦʰo²¹ bo²¹ | |
| 1082 | written word | 字 | *ʦʰi¹ᴹ | ʦʰɿ⁵⁵ ʦʰɿ⁵⁵ | ʦʰɿ⁵⁴ ʦʰɿ³³ | ʦʰi⁵⁵ ʦʰɿ⁵⁵; ʦʰɿ⁵⁵ pʰi⁵⁵ '书 (book)' | m³³ ʦʰi³³ | ||
| 1083 | ten | 十 | *xi⁴ | xɨ²⁴ | xei³⁵ | xə³⁵ '八 (eight)' | ʕi²¹ | ʕɯ²¹ | |
| 1084 | village | 村莊 | *ʔi¹ᴴ | luɔ⁵⁵ jɔu⁵⁵ | ji⁵⁵ de²¹ | ||||
| 1085 | to comb | 梳 | *siC² | ɕi²¹ | ɕi²¹ | ɕi³³ | ɕi²¹ | ɕie²¹ bie³³ | |
| 1086 | clothes | 衣服 | *siC¹ᴹ | sɿ⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ | ɕi⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ | ɕi⁵⁴ pa³³ | ɕi³³ pa²¹ | ɕi³³ ti³⁵ | ɕi³³ ti³⁵ |
| 1087 | big | 大 | *ʦʰiC¹ᴹ | ʦʰɿ⁵¹ | ʦʰi⁵³ | ʨʰi⁵⁴ | ʨʰi³³ | ||
| 1088 | to understand, to know | 知道 | *s[iC/e] ? | xa⁵¹ zɿ²¹; xau⁵¹ zɿ²¹ | xa⁵³ zi²¹ | xa³³ la³³ ɕi³³ | xau⁵⁵ zɿ²¹ | se⁵⁵ ʨʰie⁵⁵; ɕie⁵⁵ ʨʰie⁵⁵ | ɕie⁵³ ʦʰe²¹ |
| 1089 | bed | 牀 | *dɑ[C] ? | nie³⁵ do⁵⁵ | nie²¹ do³⁵ | ||||
| 1090 | rice (uncooked) | 秧 | *sɿ¹ᴸ | sɿ⁵⁵ li⁵⁵ 'rice' | si⁵³ li⁵³ '稻谷' | sɹ̩⁵⁴ li³³ '青苗' | si¹³ ɣe⁵⁵ | ||
| 1091 | flea | 蝨子 | *sɿ¹ᴴ | sɿ⁵⁵ sɿ⁵⁵ | si⁵³ si⁵³ | sɿ⁵⁴ sɿ³³ | sɿ⁵⁵ sɿ⁵⁵ | si⁵⁵ | |
| 1092 | white | 白 | *sɿ ? | a²¹ sɿ²¹ | a²¹ si²¹ | ɣa³³ si³³ | a²¹ si²¹ | si³³ | sɿ³³ |
| 1093 | beast | 獸 | *sɿ² | sɿ²¹ | si²¹ | dza²¹ sɿ³⁵ | |||
| 1094 | tooth | 牙 | *sɿ¹ᴹ | sɿ⁵⁵ sɿ⁵⁵ | si⁵⁵ si⁵⁵ | sɿ⁵⁴ sɿ³³ | sɿ⁵⁵ sɿ⁵⁵ | sɿ⁵⁵ ta³⁵ | sɿ⁵⁵ ta¹³ |
| 1095 | not | 不 | *ʦɿ¹ᴸ | ʦi²¹ e⁵³ | ʦʰɿ⁵⁴ ɣə³³ 不会 | ʦi²¹ | |||
| 1096 | ashes | 灰 | *ʦʰɿ⁴ | pu²¹ ʦʰi⁵³ | pu³³ ʦʰɿ³⁵ | pu²¹ ʦʰi³⁵ | m¹³ ʦʰi⁵⁵ | ||
| 1097 | clf. for general objects | 個 | *bu⁴ | pu²⁴ | la³⁵ pu⁵³ '一个 (one)' | pu³³ | bu²¹ | ||
| 1098 | soy bean | 豆 | *bu⁴ | ʨʰi²⁴ pu⁵⁵ | ʨʰi³⁵ pu⁵³ | ʨʰɔ³⁵ pu³³-³⁵; ʨʰe³⁵ pu⁵⁵ lɛ⁵⁵ | bu²¹ | ||
| 1099 | to touch | 摸 | *bu¹ᴸ | pu⁵⁵ pu²¹ | pu³³ pu⁵⁵; pu³⁵ pu⁵⁵ | ɕi⁵⁵ bie⁵⁵ | su⁵⁵ bu¹³ | ||
| 1100 | face | 臉 | *gu⁴ | ku²⁴ | ku³⁵ | a³³-⁵⁴ ku³³-⁵⁴ | ku³⁵ | a²¹ gu²¹ | |
| 1101 | now | 現在 | *mu ? | mu²⁴ la⁵⁵ | mu³⁵ lan⁵³ | a⁵⁴ mu³³ | mu³³ ȵie³³ 'today' | ||
| 1102 | bamboo | 竹子 | *mu² | mu⁵¹ ȵiɛ²¹ | mu⁵³ ȵie²¹ | mu⁵⁴ | mu⁵³ | mu⁵⁵ tu³⁵ | |
| 1103 | to tie together | 捆 | *pu ? | pʰu²¹ | pʰu²¹ | tʰi³⁵ | pu⁵⁵ ʨi¹³ '捆' | ||
| 1104 | flower/blossom | 花 | *pu¹ᴸ | kʰa⁵⁵ pʰu⁵⁵ | kʰa⁵³ pʰu⁵³ | kʰa³³ pʰu³³; kʰa⁵⁴ pʰu³³-³¹ | kʰa⁵⁵ pʰei⁵³ | ʦu⁵⁵ pu¹³ | |
| 1105 | few | 少 | *pʰu¹ᴹ | pʰu⁵⁵ ʦʰɿ²¹ | pʰu⁵³ ʦʰi⁵³ | pʰu³³ ʦʰɿ³³ | pʰu³³ | ||
| 1106 | shy | 害羞 | *ɹu¹ᴴ | zu⁵⁵ ka²¹ | zu⁵³ ka²¹ | zu³⁵ ka³³ | ku¹³ zu⁵⁵; ku²¹ dzu⁵⁵ | ||
| 1107 | fruit | 果子 | *su¹ᴸ | kʰu³⁵ su⁵³ | su²¹ bu²¹ | ||||
| 1108 | to store up | 收藏 | *su¹ᴸ | su⁵⁵ su⁵⁵ 'tɔ stɔre up' | su⁵³ su⁵³ | su¹³ | su²¹ lu³⁵ '躲开 (to sheer)' | ||
| 1109 | millet | 小米 | *ʔu¹ᴸ | wu⁵⁵ suɔ⁵⁵ (wu²¹ ) | u⁵³ so⁵³ | wo⁵⁴ so³³ ʦɿ³³ ɣə³³ | ʔu²¹ dzi⁵⁵ | wu²¹ ʥi⁵³ | |
| 1110 | chilly | 涼 | *ʔu³ | wu²⁴ ʨʰi⁵⁵ | u³⁵ ʨʰi⁵³ ʨʰi⁵³ | u⁵⁵; wu³³ ʨʰi⁵⁴ ʨʰi⁵⁴ | ʔu⁵⁵ ʔɯ⁵⁵ | ||
| 1111 | left over | 剩的 | *ʔu¹ᴴ | a⁵⁵ wu⁵⁵ | wu⁵⁵ | ||||
| 1112 | to escape | 逃 | *b[u/ɑC] ? | pɔ²¹ | po²¹ | bu²¹ ɣe¹³ | |||
| 1113 | cave | 洞 | *duŋ² | tɔ̃²⁴ | toŋ³⁵ pi²¹ '小洞 (small cave)' | tõ³⁵ | duŋ³⁵ | ʔa³³ dɯ³⁵ | |
| 1114 | thunder, to sound | 雷、響 | *ɣuŋ ? | me³⁵ oŋ²¹ | mɯe³⁵-⁵⁵ õ⁵⁵ | mɯe³⁵ uŋ²¹ | me²¹ ɣɯ²¹ | ||
| 1115 | cl. for animals | （一）頭（牛） | *luŋ ? | lɔ̃²¹ | loŋ⁵³ | nõ³⁵ (for fisʰ) | luŋ⁵⁵ | nũ²¹; nõ²¹ | |
| 1116 | to block | 堵塞 | *suŋ² | soŋ²¹ | ʔa³³ sɯ¹³ | ʔa³³ sɯ³⁵ | |||
| 1117 | to pestle | 碓 | *suŋ⁴ | sɔ̃²⁴ ka²⁴ | sõ³⁵ ka⁵⁵ | sa²¹ pa²¹ | |||
| 1118 | deaf | 聾 | *tuŋ¹ᴹ | loŋ⁵³ tʰoŋ⁵³ | tɯ³³ | ||||
| 1119 | nest | 窩 | *tuŋ¹ᴹ | tʰɔ̃⁵¹ | pu⁵³ ʦʰi⁵³ tʰoŋ⁵³ '蜘蛛网 (spider net)' | za³³ tʰõ³³ '鸡窝 (chicken coop)' | tɯ³³ | ||
| 1120 | almost | 快要 | *gɯ ? | -ku²⁴ (现在) | dzɯ²¹ gɯ¹³ | ||||
| 1121 | six | 六 | *ɣɯ² | lu²⁴ | o²¹ pu⁵³ | wo³³ na⁵⁴-³³ xu³³-³⁵ | wo²¹ | ɣɯ³⁵ | |
| 1122 | bowl | 碗 | *sɯ¹ᴴ | su⁵⁵ | la⁵³ su⁵³ '一碗 (a bowl of)' | su³³ (cl.) | su⁵⁵ | sɯ⁵⁵ | |
| 2001 | stone, bone | 石頭、骨頭 | *lɯ ? | lu⁵⁵ ka⁵⁵ 'bone' | lu⁵³ka²¹ '骨头 (bone)' | lu⁵⁴ ka³³-³¹ | pʰɯ⁵³ | lɯ³⁵ kɯ²¹ dɯ¹³ '石头' | lɯ²¹ kɯ³³ dɯ³⁵ '石头' |
| 2002 | stone, bone | 石頭、骨頭 | *gɑ¹ᴸ | lu⁵⁵ ka⁵⁵ 'bone' | lu⁵³ ka²¹ | lu⁵⁴ ka³³-³¹ | lɯ³⁵ kɯ²¹ dɯ¹³ '石头' | ||
| 2003 | gourd | 葫蘆 | *lɑ¹ᴸ | la⁵³ tʰu⁵³ | ko²¹ lo²¹ tɯ⁵⁵ | ||||
| 2004 | gourd | 葫蘆 | *tʰɯ¹ᴴ | la⁵³ tʰu⁵³ | ko²¹ lo²¹ tɯ⁵⁵ | ||||
| 2005 | ant | 螞蟻 | *s[V] ? | sɿ⁵⁵ ȵi²¹ ka²¹ | ɕi⁵⁴ ni³³ ka⁵⁴ pa⁵⁴ | sa²¹ ȵi³⁵ | sa²¹ ȵi³⁵ | ||
| 2006 | ant | 螞蟻 | *ȵi² | sɿ⁵⁵ ȵi²¹ ka²¹ | si⁵³ ȵi²¹ ka²¹ | ɕi⁵⁴ ni³³ ka⁵⁴ pa⁵⁵ | sa²¹ ȵi³⁵ | sa²¹ ȵi³⁵ | |
| 2007 | belt | 腰帶 | *pu² | mɤ²¹ pʰu²¹ la⁵⁵ | me²¹ pʰu²¹ la⁵³ | kʰɯu³³ pi³³ la³⁵ | kʰu⁵⁵ bu¹³ lo⁵⁵ | kʰu⁵⁵ pu³⁵ lo⁵³ | |
| 2008 | belt | 腰帶 | *lɑ¹ᴴ | mɤ²¹ pʰu²¹ la⁵⁵ | me²¹ pʰu²¹ la⁵³ | kʰɯu³³ pi³³ la³⁵ | kʰu⁵⁵ bu¹³ lo⁵⁵ | kʰu⁵⁵ pu³⁵ lo⁵⁴ | |
| 2009 | bright | 亮 | *ku¹ᴸ | kʰu⁵⁵ su²¹ ka²⁴ | su²¹ | su³³ '(天)亮' | kʰu⁵⁵ su²¹ | ku²¹ su³⁵ '灯' | |
| 2010 | bright | 亮 | *su² | kʰu⁵⁵ su²¹ ka²⁴ | su²¹ | su³³ '(天)亮' | kʰu⁵⁵ su²¹ | ku²¹ su³⁵ | |
| 2011 | bug | 蟲 | *tɤC¹ᴹ | tʰiɛ⁵⁵ pʰɤ²¹ | tʰe⁵³ pʰe²¹ | tʰe⁵⁴ pʰɯɛ⁵⁴ | tei³³ pʰe³⁵; tɨ³³ pʰe³⁵ | ti⁵⁵ pʰei³⁵ bie²¹ | |
| 2012 | bug | 蟲 | *pʰɤ² | tʰiɛ⁵⁵ pʰɤ²¹ | tʰe⁵³ pʰe²¹ | tʰe⁵⁴ pʰɯɛ⁵⁴ | tei³³ pʰe³⁵ '蛇 (snake)' | ti⁵⁵ pʰei³⁵ bie²¹ | |
| 2013 | cold | 冷 | *s[ɿ/i/iC]¹ᴹ | sa⁵¹ | sa⁵³ | sa⁵⁴ | sa⁵⁵ | sɿ³³ dza³³ | |
| 2014 | cold | 冷 | *dzæ¹ᴹ | sa⁵¹ | sa⁵³ | sa⁵⁴ | sa⁵⁵ | sɿ³³ dza³³ | |
| 2015 | to dream | 夢 | *mɯ² | mu²¹ ʦɿ²¹ | mu²¹ ʦi²¹ | mu³³ ʨi³³ | mu²¹ ʥi⁵⁵ | mu³⁵ zi¹³ 'to dream' | mɯu³⁵ |
| 2016 | to dream | 夢 | *dziC² | mu²¹ ʦɿ²¹ | mu²¹ ʦi²¹ | mu³³ ʨi³³ | mu²¹ ʥi⁵⁵ | mu³⁵ zi¹³ 'to dream' | mɯu³⁵ |
| 2017 | dustpan | 簸箕 | *tɑ ? | tʰa²⁴ kʰɨ⁵⁵; tʰa²⁴ kʰɤ⁵⁵ | tʰa³⁵ kʰei⁵³ | tʰa³⁵ kʰə⁵⁴ | tʰa³⁵ kʰɯ⁵⁵ | ti²¹ kɨ²¹ | |
| 2018 | dustpan | 簸箕 | *k[i/ɤ]⁴ | tʰa²⁴ kʰɨ⁵⁵; tʰa²⁴ kʰɤ⁵⁵ | tʰa³⁵ kʰei⁵³ | tʰa³⁵ kʰə⁵⁴ | tʰa³⁵ kʰɯ⁵⁵ | ti²¹ kɨ²¹ | |
| 2019 | eagle | 老鷹 | *bɑC⁴ | pã²⁴ | pan³⁵ | pã³⁵ | ba²¹ ŋɨ³³ | ||
| 2020 | eagle | 老鷹 | *ŋi¹ᴹ | pã²⁴ | pan³⁵ | pã³⁵ | ba²¹ ŋɨ³³ | ||
| 2021 | ear of grain | 穗子 | *ʔæ | a⁵⁵ pʰɤ²¹ | a⁵⁵ pʰe²¹ | a⁵⁵ pʰɯe³³ | a³³ pʰe³⁵ | ||
| 2022 | ear of grain | 穗子 | *pʰɤ² | a⁵⁵ pʰɤ²¹ | a⁵⁵ pʰe²¹ | a⁵⁵ pʰɯe³³ | a³³ pʰe³⁵ | ||
| 2023 | in-law | 親家 | *ʔæ | a²¹ ʦʰuɔ⁵¹ 'elder-brother-in-law' | a⁵³ ʦo²¹ 'elder-brother-in-law' | ʦo⁵⁴ ʑi³³-³¹ 'relatives' | a³³ dza³³ | ʔa²¹ ʦa²¹ mo²¹ | |
| 2024 | in-law | 親家 | *[ʦ/dz]ɑC¹ᴹ | a²¹ ʦʰuɔ⁵¹ 'elder-brother-in-law' | a⁵³ ʦo²¹ 'elder-brother-in-law' | ʦo⁵⁴ ʑi³³-³¹ 'relatives' | a³³ dza³³ | ʔa²¹ ʦa²¹ mo²¹ | |
| 2025 | field | 田地 | *si ? | sɤ²¹ kʰɤ⁵⁵ sɿ²¹ tʰiɛ²⁴ sɿ²¹ tʰiɛ²⁴ kʰɤ²¹ | si²¹ te⁵³ | ɕi³³ kʰə⁵⁵; ɕe³³ kʰe⁵⁵; ɕɛ³³-³¹ kʰe⁵⁵ | tʰie⁵³ '块 (a piece of land, cl.)' | si¹³ die⁵⁵ | sɿ²¹ tie⁵³; ɕie²¹ tie⁵³ |
| 2026 | field | 田地 | *tɤ¹ᴴ | sɤ²¹ kʰɤ⁵⁵ sɿ²¹ tʰiɛ²⁴ sɿ²¹ tʰiɛ²⁴ kʰɤ²¹ | si²¹ te⁵³ | ɕi³³ kʰə⁵⁵; ɕe³³ kʰe⁵⁵; ɕɛ³³-³¹ kʰe⁵⁵ | tʰie⁵³ '块 (a piece of land, cl.)' | si¹³ die⁵⁵ | sɿ²¹ tie⁵³; ɕie²¹ tie⁵³ |
| 2027 | fish | 魚 | *sɿ¹ᴹ | sɔ̃²⁴ | soŋ³⁵ | sũ³⁵; sõ³⁵ | suŋ³⁵ | si³³ ŋɨ²¹ | |
| 2028 | fish | 魚 | *ŋi² | sɔ̃²⁴ | soŋ³⁵ | sũ³⁵; sõ³⁵ | suŋ³⁵ | si³³ ŋɨ²¹ | |
| 2029 | front | 前面 | *di¹ᴴ | ti⁵⁵ ka²¹ | ti⁵³ ka⁵³ '以前 (before)' | di⁵⁵ go³⁵ | |||
| 2030 | front | 前面 | *gɑ² | ti⁵⁵ ka²¹ | ti⁵³ ka⁵³ '以前 (before)' | di⁵⁵ go³⁵ | |||
| 2031 | god, ghost | 神、鬼 | *ʔæ | a⁵⁵ je²¹ | a⁵⁵ ze²¹ | a³³ ʨe⁵⁵ | a³³ ze¹³ | ʔa⁵⁵ ʥie³⁵; ʔa⁵⁵ je³⁵; ʔa⁵⁵ ze³⁵ | |
| 2032 | god, ghost | 神、鬼 | *ʑe² | a⁵⁵ je²¹ | a⁵⁵ ze²¹ | a³³ ʨe⁵⁵ | a⁵⁵ je²¹ | a³³ ze¹³ | ʔa⁵⁵ ʥie³⁵; ʔa⁵⁵ je³⁵; ʔa⁵⁵ ze³⁵ |
| 2033 | granary | 倉庫 | *ʔu⁴ | u³⁵ ʨi⁵³ | wu³⁵ ʨi⁵⁵ | ʔu²¹ ʥi²¹ | |||
| 2034 | granary | 倉庫 | *ʥi¹ᴹ/? | u³⁵ ʨi⁵³ | wu³⁵ ʨi⁵⁵ | ʔu²¹ ʥi²¹ | |||
| 2035 | intestine | 腸子 | *lɑ¹ᴴ | pi²⁴ la⁵⁵ | pi³⁵ la⁵³ | pi³⁵ la⁵⁴; pi³⁵ la³³ | pi³⁵ la³⁵ | ka²¹ po³⁵ lo⁵⁵ | ka²¹ pu³¹ lu⁵³ |
| 2036 | intestine | 腸子 | *bi ? | pi²⁴ la⁵⁵ | pi³⁵ la⁵³ | pi³⁵ la⁵⁴; pi³⁵ la³³ | pi³⁵ la³⁵ | ka²¹ po³⁵ lo⁵⁵ | ka²¹ pu³¹ lu⁵³ |
| 2037 | kudzu | 葛 | *ʔæ | a²¹ pu²¹ | a²¹ pʰoŋ²¹ | a¹³ pɯ⁵¹ (2006S) | |||
| 2038 | kudzu | 葛 | *puŋ ? | a²¹ pu²¹ | a²¹ pʰoŋ²¹ | a¹³ pɯ⁵¹ (2006S) | |||
| 2039 | middle | 中間 | *li¹ᴸ | luɔ²⁴ liu⁵⁵ | lo²¹li⁵³ | ||||
| 2040 | middle | 中間 | *lɑC³ | luɔ²⁴ liu⁵⁵ | lo²¹li⁵³ | ||||
| 2041 | money | 錢 | *ku⁴ | ku²¹ lu²¹ | |||||
| 2042 | money | 錢 | *lɑC ? | ku²¹ lu²¹ | |||||
| 2043 | new | 新 | *ʔæ | a²⁴ ɕi⁵⁵ | a³⁵ ɕi⁵³ | a³³ ɕi³³ | a³⁵ ɕi³⁵ | ʔa²¹ ɕi²¹ | |
| 2044 | new | 新 | *siC⁴ | a²⁴ ɕi⁵⁵ | a³⁵ ɕi⁵³ | a³³ ɕi³³ | ʔa²¹ ɕi²¹ | ||
| 2045 | radish | 蘿蔔 | *læ¹ᴹ | la⁵⁵ pɤ⁵⁵ | la⁵³ pe⁵³ | la³³ pɯɛ³³ | la³³ be³³ | ||
| 2046 | radish | 蘿蔔 | *bɤ¹ᴹ | la⁵⁵ pɤ⁵⁵ | la⁵³ pe⁵³ | la³³ pɯɛ³³ | la³³ be³³ | ||
| 2047 | raw | 生 | *ʔæ | a⁵⁵ xɔ̃⁵⁵ | a⁵⁵ xoŋ⁵³ | a⁵⁴ xũ³³ | a³³ ħɯ⁵⁵; a³³ ħɯ³³ | ||
| 2048 | raw | 生 | *xuŋ¹ᴴ | a⁵⁵ xɔ̃⁵⁵ | a⁵⁵ xoŋ⁵³ | a⁵⁴ xũ³³ | a³³ ħɯ⁵⁵; a³³ ħɯ³³ | ||
| 2049 | rice | 穀子 | *lie³ | li²⁴ pu²⁴ | li³⁵ pu⁵³ | li³⁵ pu³⁵ | li³⁵ pu³⁵ | bu²¹ le²¹ | |
| 2050 | rice | 穀子 | *bu³ | li²⁴ pu²⁴ | li³⁵ pu⁵³ | li³⁵ pu³⁵ | li³⁵ pu³⁵ | bu²¹ le²¹ | |
| 2051 | sorghum | 高粱 | *ɣuŋ¹ᴹ | ɔ̃⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ | oŋ⁵³ pa⁵³ | õ⁵⁴ pʰa³³ zə⁵⁵ '高粱酒 (sorghum liquor)' | ɣɯ⁵⁵ bo¹³ | ʔẽ³³bo³⁵ (1986S) | |
| 2052 | sorghum | 高粱 | *bɑ¹ᴹ | ɔ̃⁵⁵ pa⁵⁵ | oŋ⁵³ pa⁵³ | õ⁵⁴ pʰa³³ zə⁵⁵ '高粱酒 (sorghum liquor)' | ʔẽ³³bo³⁵ (1986S) | ||
| 2053 | thin (<> thick) | 薄 | *sɑ² | sa²¹ sa²¹ | sa²¹ sai³⁵ | sa³³ sa³³-³¹ | so³³ so⁵⁵ | ||
| 2054 | thin (<> thick) | 薄 | *sɑ³ | sa²¹ sa²¹ | sa²¹ sai³⁵ | sa³³ sa³³-³¹ | so³³ so⁵⁵ | ||
| 2055 | thread | 綫 | *t[uŋ/u]¹ᴹ | tʰɔ̃⁵¹ mɔ̃²¹; tʰu⁵¹ mɔ̃²¹ | tʰoŋ⁵³ mu⁵³ | tʰũ³³ mu⁵⁵ | tʰuŋ⁵⁵ mu²¹ | tu³³ mu¹³ | |
| 2056 | thread | 綫 | *mu² | tʰɔ̃⁵¹ mɔ̃²¹; tʰu⁵¹ mɔ̃²¹ | tʰoŋ⁵³ mu⁵³ | tʰũ³³ mu⁵⁵ | tʰuŋ⁵⁵ mu²¹ | tu³³ mu¹³ | |
| 2057 | to connect | 連接 | *ʔæ | a⁵⁵ sa⁵⁵ | ʔa³³so²¹ (1986S) | ||||
| 2058 | to connect | 連接 | *sɑ¹ᴸ | a⁵⁵ sa⁵⁵ | ʔa³³so²¹ (1986S) | ||||
| 2059 | to drive away | 趕 | *ʔæ | ʨiɛ⁵¹ | a⁵⁴ ʨe³³-³¹ | ʨe⁵⁵ | ʔa²¹ ʥie¹³ | ||
| 2060 | to drive away | 趕 | *ʥe¹ᴸ | ʨiɛ⁵¹ | ʨe⁵³ | a⁵⁴ ʨe³³-³¹ | ʨe⁵⁵ | ʔa²¹ ʥie¹³ | |
| 2061 | to exchange | 交換 | *ʔæ | a²⁴ li⁵⁵ | a³⁵ li⁵³ | a³⁵ li³⁵ | ʔa¹³ lie⁵⁵ | ||
| 2062 | to exchange | 交換 | *lie¹ᴴ | a²⁴ li⁵⁵ | a³⁵ li⁵³ | a³⁵ li³⁵ | ʔa¹³ lie⁵⁵ | ||
| 2063 | to flip over | 翻過來 | *ʔæ | a⁵⁵ zu⁵⁵ | ʔa³³ zu¹³; ʔa³³ zu³⁵ | ||||
| 2064 | to flip over | 翻過來 | *ɹu¹ᴸ | a⁵⁵ zu⁵⁵ | ʔa³³ zu¹³; ʔa³³ zu³⁵ | ||||
| 2065 | to forget | 忘記 | *si¹ᴹ | sɿ⁵⁵ ma²¹ | ɕi⁵⁵ ma⁵³ | ɕi³³ ma⁵⁵ | ɕi⁵⁵ ma²¹ lio⁵⁵ | si³³ mo³⁵ | |
| 2066 | to forget | 忘記 | *mɑ² | sɿ⁵⁵ ma²¹ | ɕi⁵⁵ ma⁵³ | ɕi³³ ma⁵⁵ | ɕi⁵⁵ ma²¹ lio⁵⁵ | si³³ mo³⁵ | |
| 2067 | to itch | 癢 | *si¹ᴹ | sɿ⁵⁵ ŋa²¹ | si⁵³ ŋa²¹ | ɕi³³ ŋã⁵⁵ | si³³ wo³⁵ | ||
| 2068 | to itch | 癢 | *[ŋ/ʔ]ɑ² | sɿ⁵⁵ ŋa²¹ | si⁵³ŋa²¹ | ɕi³³ ŋã⁵⁵ | si³³ wo³⁵ | ||
| 2069 | to learn | 學 | *ʔæ | a²⁴ ɣɨ⁵⁵ | a³⁵ ei⁵³ | a³³ ɣə³³; ɣa³⁵ ɣɯ³⁵ | a³⁵ ɣɯ⁵³ | a¹³ ɣe⁵⁵ | |
| 2070 | to learn | 學 | *ɣ[i/e/ɤ]¹ᴴ | a²⁴ ɣɨ⁵⁵ | a³⁵ ei⁵³ | a³³ ɣə³³; ɣa³⁵ ɣɯ³⁵ | a³⁵ ɣɯ⁵³ | a¹³ ɣe⁵⁵ | |
| 2071 | to love | 愛 | *ʔæ | a²⁴ ʦʰɿ⁵⁵ | a³⁵ ʦʰi⁵⁵ | (x)a³³ ʦʰɿ³³; a³⁵ ʦʰɿ⁵⁴ | a²¹ ʦʰi²¹ | ||
| 2072 | to love | 愛 | *ʦʰɿ⁴ | a²⁴ ʦʰɿ⁵⁵ | a³⁵ ʦʰi⁵⁵ | (x)a³³ ʦʰɿ³³; a³⁵ ʦʰɿ⁵⁴ | a²¹ ʦʰi²¹ | ||
| 2073 | to roast | 烤 | *tu¹ᴹ | tʰu⁵³ u²¹ | tʰu³³ u⁵⁵; mi⁵⁴ tʰu³³ u³³ | tʰu⁵³ wu²¹ | tu⁵⁵ wu¹³ | ||
| 2074 | to roast | 烤 | *ʔu² | tʰu⁵³ u²¹ | tʰu³³ u³³; mi⁵⁴ tʰu³³ u³³ | tʰu⁵³ wu²¹ | tu⁵⁵ wu¹³ | ||
| 2075 | to roll | 滾 | *ku ? | kʰu⁵⁵ luɔ⁵⁵ | kʰu⁵³ lu⁵³ | ku¹³ lu⁵⁵ 'to fall' | ku³⁵ lu⁴⁴ (2006S) | ||
| 2076 | to roll | 滾 | *lɑC¹ᴹ | kʰu⁵⁵ luɔ⁵⁵ | kʰu⁵³ lu⁵³ | ku¹³ lu⁵⁵ 'to fall' | ku³⁵ lu⁴⁴ (2006S) | ||
| 2077 | to squat | 蹲 | *gu¹ᴹ | ku⁵⁵ tu⁵¹ | ku⁵³ tu⁵³ | kʰu⁵⁴ tu⁵⁵ | ku⁵⁵ tu²¹ | ku³³ du¹³ | |
| 2078 | to squat | 蹲 | *du² | ku⁵⁵ tu⁵¹ | ku⁵³ tu⁵³ | kʰu⁵⁴ tu⁵⁵ | ku⁵⁵ tu²¹ | ku³³ du¹³ | |
| 2079 | to paste | 貼 | *ʔæ | a⁵⁵ la²¹ | an⁵⁵ lan⁵³ | a³³ na⁵⁴ | ʔa³³ ȵo¹³ | ||
| 2080 | to paste | 貼 | *ȵɑ¹ᴸ | a⁵⁵ la²¹ | an⁵⁵ lan⁵³ | a³³ na⁵⁴ | ʔa³³ ȵo¹³ | ||
| 2081 | to stink | 臭 | *nɑ¹ᴹ | lã²¹ | lan²¹ | nã³³ | lã²¹ | la³³ ŋi³⁵ | |
| 2082 | to stink | 臭 | *ŋi² | lã²¹ | lan²¹ | nã³³ | lã²¹ | la³³ ŋi³⁵ | |
| 2083 | to throw | 扔 | *[ɕ/s]i² | ɕi³³ ɕɛ⁵⁴ | ɕi³⁵ ȵio⁵⁵ | ||||
| 2084 | to throw | 扔 | *ȵɑ³ | la²⁴ | la³⁵ | na³⁵ | ɕi³⁵ ȵio⁵⁵ | ||
| 2085 | to tie up | 綁 | *ʔæ | tʰi²⁴ | tʰi³⁵ | ɣa³³ tʰi³³-³¹ | tʰi³⁵ | ʔa¹³ tʰi⁵⁵ | ʔa²¹ tʰe³¹ |
| 2086 | to tie up | 綁 | *tʰie³ | tʰi²⁴ | tʰi³⁵ | ɣa³³ tʰi³³-³¹ | tʰi³⁵ | ʔa¹³ tʰi⁵⁵ | ʔa²¹ tʰe³¹ |
| 2087 | tongue | 舌頭 | *ʑi⁴ | ji²⁴ la⁵⁵ | i³⁵ la⁵³ | ʑi³³ la⁵⁴ | ji³⁵ la³⁵ | dzɿ²¹ la²¹ | dzɿ²¹ la²¹ |
| 2088 | tongue | 舌頭 | *læ⁴ | ji²⁴ la⁵⁵ | i³⁵ la⁵⁴ | ʑi³³ la⁵⁵ | ji³⁵ la³⁵ | dzɿ²¹ la²¹ | dzɿ²¹ la²¹ |
| 2089 | vegetable | 蔬菜 | *ʔæ | ɕi²⁴ pʰɔ̃⁵¹; sɿ²⁴ pʰɔ̃⁵¹ | tɕe⁵³ | a³³ ɕi³³ | a²¹ ɕi²¹ | ||
| 2090 | vegetable | 蔬菜 | *si² | ɕi²⁴ pʰɔ̃⁵¹; sɿ²⁴ pʰɔ̃⁵¹ | a³³ ɕi³³ | a²¹ ɕi²¹ | |||
| 2091 | we | 咱們 | *ʔæ | ã²⁴ ȵi⁵⁵ | an³⁵ ȵi⁵³ | a³³ ȵi³³ | a³⁵ ȵi³⁵ | ʔa²¹ ȵi²¹ | ʔa²¹ ȵi²¹ |
| 2092 | we | 咱們 | *ȵi⁴ | ã²⁴ ȵi⁵⁵ | an³⁵ ȵi⁵³ | a³³ ȵi³³ | a³⁵ ȵi³⁵ | ʔa²¹ ȵi²¹ | |
| 2093 | who | 誰 | *ʔæ | a⁵¹ sɤ²¹ | a⁵³ se²¹ | a³³ so⁵⁵ | a³⁵ sə⁵⁵ | ʔa³³ si³³ | ʔa²¹ sɿ²¹ |
| 2094 | who | 誰 | *sɤ ? | a⁵¹ sɤ²¹ | a⁵³ se²¹ | a³³ so⁵⁵ | a³⁵ sə⁵⁵ | ʔa³³ si³³ ŋi³³ | |
| 2095 | wild cat | 野貓 | *dzɑC⁴ | ʦuɔ²⁴ kʰu⁵⁵ | ʦo³⁵ kʰu²¹ | ʦo³⁵ kʰu⁵⁴ | za²¹ gu²¹ '野兽 (beast)' | ||
| 2096 | wild cat | 野貓 | *ku⁴ | ʦuɔ²⁴ kʰu⁵⁵ | ʦo³⁵ kʰu²¹ | ʦo³⁵ kʰu⁵⁴ | za²¹ gu²¹ '野兽 (beast)' | ||
| 2097 | wok | 鍋 | *tɑ⁴ | tʰa²⁴ kʰu⁵⁵ | tʰa³⁵ kʰu⁵³ | tʰa³⁵-³³ kʰu⁵⁵-³³ | tʰa³⁵ kʰu²¹ | tɯ²¹ kɯ²¹ | dɯ²¹ gɯ¹³; dɯ³¹ gɯ³⁵; dɯ²¹ gɯ²¹ |
| 2098 | wok | 鍋 | *kɯ⁴ | tʰa²⁴ kʰu⁵⁵ | tʰa³⁵ kʰu⁵³ | tʰa³⁵-³³ kʰu⁵⁵-³³ | tʰa³⁵ kʰu²¹ | tɯ²¹ kɯ²¹ | dɯ²¹ gɯ¹³; dɯ³¹ gɯ³⁵; dɯ²¹ gɯ²¹ |
| 2099 | yesterday | 昨天 | *pʰu ? | pʰɔ̃²¹ ȵiɛ²¹; pʰu²¹ ȵi²¹ | pʰu²¹ ȵi²¹ | pʰu³³ ȵi³³ | pʰu²¹ ȵe⁵⁵ | pʰu³³ ȵie³³ | |
| 2100 | yesterday | 昨天 | *ȵi ? | pʰɔ̃²¹ ȵiɛ²¹; pʰu²¹ ȵi²¹ | pʰu²¹ ȵi²¹ | pʰu³³ ȵi³³ | pʰu²¹ ȵe⁵⁵ | pʰu³³ ȵie³³ | |
| 2101 | younger brother | 弟弟 | *ʔæ | ã⁵⁵ ŋai⁵¹ | an⁵³ ŋai⁵³; a³⁵ ŋai⁵³ | ã⁵⁵ ŋei⁵³ | a³³ ŋo³³ | ʔa⁵¹ ŋo³⁵; ʔa³³ ŋo³⁵ | |
| 2102 | younger brother | 弟弟 | *ŋɑ¹ᴹ | ã⁵⁵ ŋai⁵¹ | an⁵³ ŋai⁵³; a³⁵ ŋai⁵³ | ã⁵⁵ ŋei⁵³ | a³³ ŋo³³ | ʔa⁵¹ ŋo³⁵; ʔa³³ ŋo³⁵ | |
| 2103 | finger | 指頭 | *Øm̩¹ᴸ | ʨiɛ²⁴ mi⁵⁵ tʰi²¹ | ʨe³⁵ mi⁵³ tʰi²¹ | ʨe³⁵ mi⁵⁵ tʰi³³-³¹ | ʨie⁵³ m̩²¹ te²¹ | ||
| 2104 | finger | 指頭 | *tʰie ? | ʨiɛ²⁴ mi⁵⁵ tʰi²¹ | ʨe³⁵ mi⁵³ tʰi²¹ | ʨe³⁵ mi⁵⁵ tʰi³³-³¹ | ʨie⁵³ m̩²¹ te²¹ | ||
| 2105 | chopsticks | 筷子 | *Øm̩¹ᴸ | pu⁵⁵ ʦɿ⁵⁵ | pu⁵³ ʦi⁵³ | mu⁵⁵ ʦɿ³³ | pu⁵⁵ ʦɿ⁵⁵ | m²¹ dzɿ²¹ | m̩²¹ dzɿ²¹ |
| 2106 | chopsticks | 筷子 | *dzɿ¹ᴸ | pu⁵⁵ ʦɿ⁵⁵ | pu⁵³ ʦi⁵³ | mu⁵⁵ ʦɿ³³ | pu⁵⁵ ʦɿ⁵⁵ | m²¹ dzɿ²¹ | m̩²¹ dzɿ²¹ |
| 2107 | spider | 蜘蛛 | *Øm̩¹ᴸ | pu⁵⁵ ʦʰɿ⁵⁵ | pu⁵⁵ ʦʰi⁵³ | mu⁵⁴ ʦʰɿ³³ | a³³ ʦʰi³³ | ʔa²¹ ʦʰɿ²¹ | |
| 2108 | spider | 蜘蛛 | *ʦʰɿ¹ᴸ | pu⁵⁵ ʦʰɿ⁵⁵ | pu⁵⁵ ʦʰi⁵³ | mu⁵⁴ ʦʰɿ³³ | a³³ ʦʰi³³ | ʔa²¹ ʦʰɿ²¹ | |
| 2109 | guest | 客人 | *Øm̩¹ᴴ | pu⁵⁵ ʦʰuɔ²¹ | pu⁵³ ʦʰo²¹ | mo³³ ʦʰo⁵⁴-⁵⁵; mo⁵⁵-³⁵ ʦʰo⁵⁵ | pu⁵⁵ ʦʰo²¹ | m̩⁵⁵ ʦʰa¹³ ŋi²¹ | m̩⁵⁵ ʦʰa³⁵ |
| 2110 | guest | 客人 | *ʦʰɑC² | pu⁵⁵ ʦʰuɔ²¹ | pu⁵³ ʦʰo²¹ | mo³³ ʦʰo⁵⁴-⁵⁵; mo⁵⁵-³⁵ ʦʰo⁵⁵ | pu⁵⁵ ʦʰo²¹ | m̩⁵⁵ ʦʰa¹³ ŋi²¹ | m̩⁵⁵ ʦʰa³⁵ |
| 2111 | bamboo mat | 竹蓆 | *Øm̩¹ᴸ | pu⁵⁵ sɤ⁵⁵ | mu³³ se³³ | m̩²¹ ɕie²¹ | m²¹ se⁵³ | ||
| 2112 | bamboo mat | 竹蓆 | *sɤ¹ᴴ | pu⁵⁵ sɤ⁵⁵ | mu³³ se³³ | m̩²¹ ɕie²¹ | m²¹ se⁵³ | ||
| 2113 | Tujia | 土家 | *Øm̩⁴ | pi²⁴ ʦɿ⁵⁵ kʰa²¹ | pi³⁵ ʦi⁵³ kʰa²¹ | mi³⁵ ʨi⁵⁵ kʰa³³-⁵⁵ | pi³⁵ ʨi⁵⁵ kʰa²¹ | m̩²¹ dzɿ²¹ | m̩²¹ dzɿ²¹ |
| 2114 | Tujia | 土家 | *dzi⁴ | pi²⁴ ʦɿ⁵⁵ kʰa²¹ | pi³⁵ ʦi⁵³ kʰa²¹ | mi³⁵ ʨi⁵⁵ kʰa³³-⁵⁵ | pi³⁵ ʨi⁵⁵ kʰa²¹ | m̩²¹ dzɿ²¹ | m̩²¹ dzɿ²¹ |
| 2115 | snow | 雪 | *su⁴ | su²⁴ su⁵⁵ | su³⁵ su³⁵-³³ ʦɿ³³ | su³⁵ su³⁵ | su²¹ su²¹ | ||
| 2116 | snow | 雪 | *su⁴ | su²⁴ su⁵⁵ | su³⁵ su³⁵-³³ ʦɿ³³ | su³⁵ su³⁵ | su²¹ su²¹ | ||
| 2117 | hungry | 餓 | *li ? | li²⁴ a⁵¹ | a⁵³ | lie⁵⁴ a³³; lia⁵⁴ | ɣa⁵³ | no⁵⁵ | |
| 2118 | hungry | 餓 | *ɣɑ¹ᴴ | li²⁴ a⁵¹ | a⁵³ | lie⁵⁴ a³³; lia⁵⁴ | ɣa⁵³ | no⁵⁵ | |
| 2119 | egg | 蛋 | *ʔæ | a⁵⁵ liɛ⁵⁵ | za²¹ le²¹ 'chicken egg (鸡蛋)' | a⁵⁴ lie³³ | za⁵⁵ lie⁵⁵ | ʔa¹³ lie⁵⁵ | |
| 2120 | egg | 蛋 | *lɤ¹ᴴ | a⁵⁵ liɛ⁵⁵ | za²¹ le²¹ 'chicken egg (鸡蛋)' | a⁵⁴ lie³³ | za⁵⁵ lie⁵⁵ | ʔa¹³ lie⁵⁵; tɕʰi⁵⁵ lie²¹ '鸡蛋 (chicken egg)' | ʨʰi⁵³ lie²¹ |
| 2121 | to cover up | 蓋上 | *ʔæ¹ᴴ | tu²¹ | tu²¹ | a³³ tu³³ | tu²¹; du²¹ | ʔa⁵⁵ da²¹ | a⁵⁵ da¹³ |
| 2122 | to cover up | 蓋上 | *du² | tu²¹ | tu²¹ | a³³ tu³³ | tu²¹; du²¹ | ʔa⁵⁵ da²¹ | a⁵⁵ da¹³ |
| ?1 | to drag | 拖 | *siC¹ᴴ | ɕi⁵¹; sɿ⁵¹ | ɕi⁵³ '牵' | ɕi⁵⁴ '牵' | ɕi⁵⁵ | ||
| ?2 | to wipe | 擦 | *ʔe³ | jɛ²⁴ | ie³⁵ | je³⁵ | je⁵¹ (2006S) | ||
| ?3 | to hold a crutch | 拄 | *tʰu¹ᴴ | tʰu⁵³ | tu³⁵ | tho⁵⁵ (Xu 2020) | |||
| ?4 | to permeate | 滲入 | *kʰɯx | kʰu²¹ 'tɔ suck'? | kʰɯ⁴⁴ (2006S) | ||||
| ?5 | to offer (to god) | 敬 | *tɯ¹ᴹ | soŋ³⁵ mu⁵³ tʰu⁵³ '敬祖先' | tɯ⁴⁴ (2006S) | ||||
| ?6 | to press | 壓 | *lɑ¹ᴹ | la⁵³ | no⁴⁴ (2006S) | ||||
| ?7 | to chisel | 鑿 | *tuŋ¹ᴴ | tɯ⁵¹ (2006S) | |||||
| ?8 | to eat | 吃 | *ɣe² | jɛ²¹ 'food' | ɣe³⁵ | ||||
| ?9 | thick (liquid) | 濃 | *ʥɯ⁴ | ʦu³⁵ (2006N) [might be 'to be sufficient', a Chinese loan] | dɯ²¹ (2006S) [might be 'heavy'] | ||||
| ?10 | to infect | 傳染 | *dzɿ ? | a⁵⁵ ʦi²¹ (2006N) | dzi²¹ (2006S) | ||||
| ?11 | to blink | 眨 | *nie ? | ʨʰi⁵³ ȵi²¹ | ʨʰi⁵⁴ ȵe³³ | ȵie¹³ (2006S) | |||
| ?12 | oxbow | 牛軛 | *nɑ⁴ | lan³⁵ kʰu⁵³ | lã⁵⁴ kʰo³³ | lo²¹ zo²¹ (2006S) | |||
| ?13 | thorn | 刺兒 | *tɑ²/⁴ | tʰa³⁵ se²¹ | tʰa³³ sə⁵⁵ | to²¹ se³⁵ (2006S) | |||
| ?14 | thorn | 刺兒 | *s[e/ɤ]² | tʰa³⁵ se²¹ | tʰa³³ sə⁵⁵ | to²¹ se³⁵ (2006S) | |||
| ?15 | orange | 柑子 | *kʰe ? | ʨʰiɛ²⁴ sɿ⁵⁵ (ʨʰiɛ²⁴ ɕi⁵⁵ , ʦʰɤ²⁴ sɿ⁵⁵ ) | ʨʰe³⁵ si²¹ | kʰe³⁵ ɕi²¹ | |||
| ?16 | orange | 柑子 | *siC¹ᴴ | ʨʰiɛ²⁴ sɿ⁵⁵ | ʨʰe³⁵ si²¹ | kʰe³⁵ ɕi²¹ |
References
[edit]- Zhou, Yulou. 2020. Proto-Bizic: A Study of Tujia Historical Phonology. B.A. honors thesis, Stanford University. (list)
