Appendix:Proto-Western Tibetan reconstructions

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The following list of reconstructed Proto-Western Tibetan forms is from Backstrom (1994: 68-72), which also cites Western Balti, Eastern Balti, Purik, and Ladakhi forms.

Abbreviations

[edit]
B entry from Bailey (1915)[1]
H entry from Hoshi & Tsering (1978)[2]
K entry from Kargil Purik word list taken in Skardu
O entry from Rondu word list (Western Balti)
R entry from Rangan (1975 or 1979)[3][4]
S entry from Skardu word list (Western Balti)
W entry makes use of Written Tibetan form to help determine an otherwise ambiguous reconstructed Proto-Western Tibetan form
Z entry from Zanskar Ladakhi word list (Karsha village)

List

[edit]
No. Gloss Proto-Western Tibetan Proto-Western Tibetan (notes) Western Balti Eastern Balti Purik Ladakhi Page no.
1 body *rgo / *zukspo rgo rgo zukspo zukspo 68
2 head *mgo (T) go go go go 68
3 hair *skra- (?) (T) ral ral rjal ʂa 68
4 face *gdoŋ (R23) gdoŋ rdoŋ rdoŋ (B) ldoŋ 68
5 eye *mik mik mik mik mik 68
6 ear *ʃna (R18) sna sna ʃna (B) namtʃok 68
7 nose *sna snamsul snamsul sna (R) nakun 68
8 mouth *kʰa- kʰabak kʰa kʰa kʰa 68
9 tooth *so so so so so 68
10 tongue *ltʃe (R27) ɬtʃe ɬtʃe ɬtʃe ltʃe 68
11 chest *braŋ (R21, R13) blaŋ braŋ braŋ (B) taŋ 68
12 belly *krotpa (T)(R13) ɬtoa ɬtoa totpa totpa 68
13 arm *prakpa (R21) plakpa (O) prakpa 68
13 arm *lakpa lakpa (R) lakpa 68
14 elbow *krimʔoŋs (R13-R14, R9) trimoŋ / tʂimok (O) krioŋ krimoŋs temaʒoŋ 68
15 palm *laktʰil laktʰil laktʰil laktʰil laktʰil 68
16 finger *dzugu senmo zogu dzigu dzugu 68
17 fingernail *senmo (?) zermoŋ senmero senmo senmo 68
18 leg *rkaŋ- (R17, R18) kaŋma kaŋma ʃkaŋ skaŋ 68
19 skin *pakspa (R30, R34) baxspa bakspa pakspa pakspa 68
20 bone *ruspa ruspa ruspa ruspa ruspa 68
21 heart *sniŋ sniŋ sniŋ sniŋ (R, B) sniŋ 68
22 blood *kʰrak (R13, R14) tʂak kʰrak tʰak tʰak 68
23 urine *xtʃin (R23) xtʃin ɬtʃin ɬtʃin (B) ltʃin 68
24 feces *rkjakpa (R17, R18) kjakpa rkjakpa skjakpa 68
25 village *groŋ- (R13, R14) dʐoŋ groŋ ʈoŋpa (H) 68
25 village *jul jul 68
26 house *kʰaŋba (R29) naŋ naŋ kʰaŋba kʰaŋpa 68
27 roof *-tʰok- tʰok (O) tʰoksa katʰok katʰok 68
28 door *zgo zgo zgo zgo zgo 68
29 firewood *ʃiŋ ʃiŋ ʃiŋ ʃiŋ ʃiŋ 68
30 broom *pʰjaxma (?) pʰjaxma pʰjaxma bumo olmo 68
31 mortar *?tVn- (?) ɬtanus ɬʈanus stunni 68
32 pestle ɬtanusi bu ɬʈanusi bu stunʃiŋ 68
33 hammer *tʰVʤuŋ (?) martol todʒuŋ tʰuʒuŋ 68
34 knife *gri (R13, R14) dʐi gri gri ti 68
35 axe *stare stare stare stare stari 68
36 rope *tʰakpa tʰakpa tʰakba tʰakpa tʰakpa 68
37 thread *skutpa skutpa skutpa skutpa skutpa 68
38 needle *kʰap kʰap kʰap kʰap kʰap 68
39 cloth *ras snambu ras ras ras 68
40 ring *xsVrdups (R1, R9, R12) xsurup surup serdups serdup 68
41 sun *ɲima ɲima (O) ɲima ɲima ɲima 68
42 moon *lzawa- (?) lzot lzot lzormo lzawa 68
43 sky *xnam (R2) xnam xnam nam nam 68
44 star *skarma skarma skarma skarma skarma 68
45 rain *tʃʰarpa tʃʰarpa tʃʰarpa tʃʰarpa tʃʰarpa 68
46 water *tʃʰu tʃʰu tʃʰu tʃʰu tʃʰu 68
47 river *rgjamtso (R7) rgjamtso rgjamtso rgjamtso gjamso 69
48 cloud *sprin (R5) psil psil sprin rsin 69
49 lightning *xlok (R26) ɬok ɬok ɬok (B) skamlak 69
50 rainbow *?gza / *?ʃutuŋs (?) paragza rza tʃutuŋs za ʃutuŋs 69
51 wind *xluŋ (R2, R26) xɬuŋ xɬuŋ hɬuŋ hluŋspo 69
52 stone *rdoa (R23) rdoa rdoa rdoa ldoa 69
53 path *lam lam lam lam lam 69
54 sand *bjema (R28, R24) bjaŋa bjaŋa bjama pema 69
55 fire *me me me me me 69
56 smoke *tutpa tutpa tutpa tutpa tutpa 69
57 ash, dust *tʰalba tʰaltʃit tʰaltsir tʰalba tʰalba 69
58 mud *kalak kalak (S) kalak kalak kalak 69
59 dirt *trima (R13b, R24) triŋa triŋa trima (B) / ʈima (K) ʈima (H) 69
60 gold *xser (R1) xser ser ser ser 69
61 tree *ltʃaŋma (R27) ɬtʃaŋma ltʃaŋma 69
61 tree *stakʒi stakʒi stakʒi 69
62 leaf *loma (R24) loŋa loŋa loma loma 69
63 root *rampa / *paʔak rampa rampa paʈak paʈak 69
64 thorn *tserma (?) tsʰok riŋa tserma tserma 69
65 flower *mendok (R29) mendok mendok mendok mentok 69
66 fruit *kʰazes (?) pʰlaxmul mewa kʰazes kʰazes 69
69 wheat *kro (R13, R14) tʂo kro tro tro 69
70 millet *tʃʰa (?) tʃʰa tʃʰa 69
71 rice *bras (R21, R13) blas bras bras das 69
72 potato *alu alu alu alu alu 69
75 chili *sɲerma (R10) sɲerma sɲerma sɲerma (R) ɲerma 69
76 turmeric *juŋ- juŋ juŋ juŋ juŋpo 69
77 garlic *zgokpa zgokpa zgokpa zgokpa zgokpa 69
78 onion *tsoŋ tsoŋ tsoŋ tsoŋ tsoŋ 69
80 tomato paɣan paɣan tamatar 69
81 cabbage *karam (?) karam karam 69
82 oil *mar- mar mar mar marnak 69
83 salt *tsʰa paju paju tsʰa tsʰa 69
84 meat *ʃa ʃa ʃa ʃa ʃa 69
85 fat *tsʰil tsʰil tsʰil tsʰil tsʰil 69
86 fish *ɲja ɲja ɲja ɲja ɲja 69
87 hen *bjamo (R24) bjaŋo bjaŋo bjamo tʃeʃa 69
88 egg *trul (R13b) bjapʒun bjapʒun trul / ʈhul (B) ʈhul 69
89 cow *ba ba ba ba paʃi (H) 69
91 milk *oma (R24) oŋa oŋa ordʒen oma 69
92 horns *rwadʒo rwa rwa ridʒo rudʒo 69
93 tail *ʃŋama (R18) ʒindo sɲama ʃŋama sŋama 69
94 goat *ra- rabak ra rama rama 69
95 dog *kʰi kʰi kʰi kʰi kʰi 69
96 snake *zbrul (R5) gbul rbul zbrul zrul 69
97 monkey ʃedi ʃedi ʃaɖi manu 70
98 mosquito *dzaŋgi (?) tsaŋki dzaŋgi dzaŋgi (K) zaŋgi 70
99 ant *kremʔok (R13) tʂimok kimbok krimok (K) temok 70
100 spider *tʰakskan (R34) taxskan takskan tʰakskan tʰaksrabu 70
101 name *miŋtaks (R34, R35, R9) miŋtax miŋtax miŋtaks (R) miŋ 70
102 man; person *mi mi mi mi mi 70
103 woman bustriŋ brustiŋ ane pomo 70
104 child; boy *pʰru (R21, R13) pʰlu pʰlu tʰru tʰigu 70
105 father *ata ata ata ata aba 70
106 mother *ama (R24) aŋo aŋa ama ama 70
107 older brother *kaka / *atʃo kaka kaka kaka atʃo 70
108 younger brother *?-no pʰono nono nono (K) no 70
109 older sister *atʃʰe (?) aʃe aʃe atʃʰe atʃe 70
110 younger sister *nomo (R24) striŋmo noŋo nomo nomo 70
111 son, boy *bu (R28) bu bu butsa putsa 70
112 daughter, girl *bomo (R28, R24) boŋo boŋo bomo pomo 70
113 husband *CaxpV (R33) daxpo daxpo makpa makpa 70
114 wife *nama (R24) naŋa zanzus nama (R) nama 70
117 day *ʒak ʒak ʒak ʒak ʒak 70
118 night *tsʰan tsʰan tsʰan tsʰan tsʰan 70
119 morning *sŋamo / *gjoxpa gjoxpa gjoxpa sŋamo (B) sŋamo 70
120 noon trobar trobar totʃu dzara 70
121 evening *pʰiro / *pʰitok pʰiro pʰiro pʰitok pʰitok 70
122 yesterday *gonde gonde gonde gonde daŋ 70
123 today *diriŋ diriŋ diriŋ diriŋ diriŋ 70
124 tomorrow *haske (?) haske haske aske tʰore 70
125 week *ʒakbdun ʒa bdun ʒak rdun duŋ dʒak 70
126 month *lza (?) lza lza lza lda 70
127 year *lo lo lo lo lo 70
128 old *sɲiŋba (R10, R29, R36) sɲiŋma sɲiŋpa sɲiŋba ɲiŋpa (H) 70
129 new *soma (R24) sarpa soŋa soma soma 70
130 good *rgjalba (R7) ljaxmo ljaxmo rgjalba (B) gjala 70
131 damp *xlVn- (R2, R26) xlan nc lonpa 70
132 wet *xʃerpa (R1) xʃerpa ʃerpa ʃerpa 70
133 dry *skambo (R29) skambo skambo skambo skampo 70
134 long *riŋmo riŋmo riŋbo riŋmo riŋmo 70
135 bad *tʃaŋmen? / *tsokpo? tʃaŋmen tʃaŋmen tsokpo tsokpo 70
136 hot *troʔmo (R13b) tsʰo tronmo ʈonmo (R) ʈotmo (H) 70
137 cold *graxmo (R13-R14, R33) dʐaxmo graxmo daŋmo / graŋmo taŋmo 70
138 right *traŋ (R13b) traŋ traŋ ʈaŋ (R) ʈaŋ(n) 70
139 left *xjVnma (R2) xjun (O) sɲen joma / jun (K) joma 70
140 near *ɲemo? ɲimor ɲimor ɲemo ɲemo 70
141 far *tʰakriŋs (R32, R9) tʰakriŋ tʰakriŋ tʰakriŋs tʰagriŋ 70
142 big *tʃʰe- (?) tʃoɣo tʃoɣo tʃʰe tʃʰenmo 70
143 small *tsʰuntse tsʰuntse tsʰuntse tsʰuntse tʃʰun 70
144 heavy *ltʃ- (R27) ɬtʃo ɬtʃʰo ɬtʃintek ltʃinte 70
145 light *jaŋmo jaŋmo jaŋmo jaŋmo jaŋmo 70
146 above jar gjen katotpo kʰjetok 70
147 below *tʰu- / *jok- tʰuru tʰur jok tʰuglo / jokmo 71
148 white *karpo karpo karpo karpo karpo 71
149 black *nakpo nakpo nakpo nakpo nakpo 71
150 red *marpo marpo marpo marpo marpo 71
151 one *tʃik tʃik tʃik tʃik tʃik 71
152 two *ɲis ɲis ɲis ɲis ɲis 71
153 three *xsum (R1) xsum sum sum sum 71
154 four *bʒi (R4, R22) bʒi ʒi rzbi ʒi 71
155 five *lŋa (T)(R16, R19) ɣa ɣa ɣa ʃŋa 71
156 six *truk (R13b) truk trak truk / ʈuk (R) ʈuk 71
157 seven *bdun (R23) bdun rdun rdun rduŋ 71
158 eight *brgjat (R6, R3, R7) bgjat rgjat rgjat gjat 71
159 nine *zrgu (R11) rgu rgu rgu zrgu 71
160 ten *pstʃu (R3, R6) ptʃu hstʃu ʃtʃu (R, A, B) stʃu 71
161 eleven *dʒuktʃik (R31, R25) tʃustʃik tʃustʃik tʃukʃik (B) dʒukʃik 71
162 twelve *dʒugɲis (R31, R15) tʃoŋas tʃoŋas tʃuŋis dʒugɲis 71
163 twenty *ɲiʃu ɲiʃu ɲiʃu ŋiʃu ɲiʃu 71
164 one hundred *brgja (R6, R3, R7) bgja rgja rgja gja 71
165 who *su su su su su 71
166 what *tʃi tʃi tʃi tʃi tʃi 71
167 where *gar- (R28) gar gar gar karu 71
168 when *nam nam nam nam nam 71
169 how many *tsam- tsam tsamtse tsamʃik tsamʃik (H) 71
170 which *ga- (R28) go go gadzuk kazuk 71
171 this (pronoun) *dju (?) dju dju du 71
172 that (pronoun) *do (?) do do nc 71
173 these *djun (?) djuŋ (O) djun djun (B) di 71
174 those *don (?) doŋ don nc 71
175 same *tsoks tsoksatsoks tsoksatsox tsoks tsoks 71
176 different loxso loxso soso soso 71
177 whole nc nc 71
178 broken *tʃʰak tʃʰak tʃʰak tʃʰak tʃʰak 71
179 few *ɲVntse ɲintse ɲuntse ɲuntsek ɲuntse 71
180 many *maŋbo (R29) iʃin ɬtim maŋbo maŋpo 71
181 all *gaŋma gaŋma gaŋma gaŋma tsʰaŋma 71
182 eat *zo zo zo zo zo 71
183 bite *tʃat (?) / *tʰam (?) tʃat tʃat tʰam (R) tʃam 71
184 hunger (vb.) *ltok (R27) ɬtok ɬtok ɬtok ltok 71
185 drink *tʰuŋ tʰuŋ tʰuŋ tʰuŋ tʰuŋ 71
186 thirst (vb.) *skoms skoms skoms skoms skoms 71
187 sleep *ɲit ɲit ŋit ɲit ɲit 71
188 lie down *ɲal- ɲalepaŋs ɲal (R) ɲal 71
189 sit *duk duk duk duk duk 71
190 give *min (?) / *toŋ (?) min min toŋ toŋ 71
191 burn (tr.) *-tuk tuk potuk tuk tuk 71
192 die *ʃi ʃi ʃi ʃi ʃi 71
193 kill *rdaps / *sot rdaps rdaps sot sot 71
194 fly (vb.) *pʰur pʰur pʰur pʰur ur 71
195 walk *drul (R13b) drul drul ɖul (B, R) ɖul 71
196 run *brgjuk (R6, R3, R7) bgjuk rgjuk baŋtaŋ gjuk (Z) 71
197 go *soŋ soŋ soŋ soŋ soŋ 71
198 come *?-oŋ oŋ oŋ joŋ joŋ 72
199 speak *zer zer zer zer zer 72
200 hear *kos (?) / *ɲun (?) kos kos ɲun ɲun 72
201 see, look *tʰoŋ, ltas (R27) tʰoŋ tʰoŋ ɬtas ltas 72
202 I *ŋa ŋa ŋa ŋa ŋa 72
203 you (informal) *kʰj??aŋ kʰjaŋ kʰjaŋ kʰjeraŋ kʰjoraŋ 72
204 you (formal) *?-eraŋ (?) jaŋ jaŋ jeraŋ (B) ɲeraŋ 72
205 he *kʰo kʰo kʰo kʰo (B) kʰo 72
206 she *kʰo nc kʰo (B) kʰo 72
207 we (inclusive) *ŋataŋ ŋataŋ ŋataŋ ŋataŋ nataŋ 72
208 we (exclusive) *ŋadʒa (?) ŋaja ŋaja ŋatʃa ŋaʒa 72
209 you (plural) *kʰjVdʒa (?) kʰitaŋ kʰitaŋ kʰetʃa (K) kʰjoʒa 72
210 they *kʰo??ŋ kʰoŋ kʰoŋ kʰoŋ (B) kʰoguŋ 72
211 not met met minduk miduk 72
213 bird *bja- bjabu bjapʰu bi tʃipa 72
214 louse *ʃik ʃik ʃik ʃik ʃik 72
215 seed *sa-? son son sa sa 72
216 bark *ʃumpraks (?) (R9) ʃumplak ʃumpak ʃumbraks (B) tʃaŋmo bakspa 72
217 wing *ʃokpa ʃokpa ʃokpa ʃokpa ʃokpa 72
218 knee *puksmo (R30-R35, R9, R32) buxmo buxma puksmo pigmo 72
219 neck *rdʒiŋma (R8, R20) ʒiŋma dʒiŋma ske rdʒiŋma 72
220 liver *tʃʰinba (R29, R36) tʃʰinma tʃʰinma tʃʰinba tʃʰinpa 72
221 know *ʃes ʃes ʃes ʃes 72
222 stand *laŋ laŋ laŋ laŋ (B) laŋ 72
223 swim *rkjal (R17, R18) rkjal rkjal ʃkjalt (R) skjal 72
224 world *sa (?) / *mjul (?) mjul mjul sa sa 72
225 mountain *brak (R21) blak brak brak ri 72
226 green *sŋunpo sŋunpo sŋunpo sŋunpo (B) ldʒaŋku 72
227 yellow *xserpo (R1) xserpo serpo serpo serpo 72
228 full *gaŋse (?) gaŋse gaŋse skaŋse skaŋste 72
229 round ribu rilbu kirkir kirkir 72
230 turquoise hju ju 72
231 yak (male) *xjak- (R2) hjak xjak jakpo jakpo 72
232 yak (female) *dimo / *brimo (T)(R13) hjakmo xjakmo dimo dimo 72
234 fly (n.) *zbraŋbu (R5) bjaŋbu zbjaŋbu zbjaŋbu (R) raŋu 72
235 barley flour *sŋanpe traskur naskur sŋanpe sŋanpe 72
236 horse *rta (R17, R18) rta rta ʃta sta 72

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bailey, T.G. 1915. Purik. Linguistic studies from the Himalayas, 1-45. Royal Asiatic Society monograph no. 18. London: The Royal Asiatic Society.
  2. ^ Hoshi, Michiyo and Tondup Tsering. 1978. Zangskar vocabulary: A Tibetan dialect spoken in Kashmir. Monumenta Serindica no. 5. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA).
  3. ^ Rangan, K. 1975. Balti phonetic reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
  4. ^ Rangan, K. 1979. Purki grammar. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
  • Backstrom, Peter Charles. 1994. A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Western Tibetan. MA thesis. Arlington, Texas: University of Texas at Arlington.
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