Appendix:Khmer Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Khmer, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Khmer
 Phonetic
Transcription
1 I ខ្ញុំ kɲom
2 you (singular) លោក (polite), អ្នក louk, neak
3 he គាត់ (polite), គេ koat, kei
4 we យើង yəəŋ
5 you (plural) ពួកអ្នក puək neak
6 they ពួកគេ puək kee
7 this នេះ nih
8 that នោះ nuh
9 here អាយ ʔaay
10 there នាយ niey
11 who អ្នកណា, នរណា neak naa, nɔɔnaa
12 what អ្វី ʔvǝy
13 where នៅឯណា nɨv ʔae naa
14 when អង្កាល់ (Sanskrit) ʔɑŋkaal
15 how ម្ដេច, យ៉ាងដូចម្តេច mdəc
16 not ទេ tei
17 all គ្រប់ krup
18 many ច្រើន craən
19 some ខ្លះ klah
20 few តិច təc
21 other ឯទៀត ae tiət
22 one មួយ (១) muəy
23 two ពីរ (២) pii
24 three បី (៣) bəy
25 four បួន (៤) buən
26 five ប្រាំ (៥) pram
27 big ​ធំ tʰom
28 long វែង vɛɛŋ
29 wide ល្ហ, ទូលាយ lhɑɑ, tou-leay
30 thick ជុក, ក្រាស់ cuk, kras'
31 heavy ធ្ងន់ tŋʊən
32 small តូច tooc
33 short ខ្លី kləy
34 narrow ចង្អៀត cɑŋʔiet
35 thin ស្ដើង sdaəŋ
36 woman ស្រី srǝy
37 man (adult male) ប្រុស (Sanskrit), បុរស (Sanskrit) proh, boʔrɑh
38 man (human being) ជន (Sanskrit), មនុស្ស (Sanskrit) cʊən, mɔnuh
39 child កូន koon
40 wife ប្រពន្ធ (Sanskrit) prɑpʊən
41 husband ប្តី (Sanskrit) pdəy
42 mother ម៉ែ mae
43 father ឳពុក ʔəv puk
44 animal សត្វ (Sanskrit) sat
45 fish ត្រី trəy
46 bird បក្សី baksəy
47 dog ឆ្កែ cʰkae
48 louse ចៃ cay
49 snake អហិ (Sanskrit), ពស់ ʔaʔheʔ, pous'
50 worm ដង្កូវ dɑŋkəv
51 tree ដើមឈើ daəm cʰəə
52 forest ព្រៃ prey
53 stick រំពាត់ rumpoat
54 fruit ផល (Sanskrit), ផ្លែឈើ pʰɑl, phle-chheur
55 seed ពូជ (Sanskrit) puuc
56 leaf ស្លឹក slǝk
57 root ឫស rɨh
58 bark (of a tree) សំបក sɑmbɑɑk
59 flower ផ្កា pkaa
60 grass ស្មៅ smav
61 rope ខ្សែ ksae
62 skin ស្បែក sbaek
63 meat សាច់ sac
64 blood ឈាម cʰiem
65 bone ឆ្អឹង cʔəŋ
66 fat (noun) ខ្លាញ់ klaɲ
67 egg ពង pɔɔŋ
68 horn ស្នែង snaeŋ
69 tail កន្ទុយ kɑntuy
70 feather រោម (down) roum
71 hair សក់ sɑk
72 head ក្បាល (Sanskrit) kbaal
73 ear ត្រចៀក trɑciək
74 eye ភ្នែក pnɛɛk
75 nose ច្រមុះ crɑmoh
76 mouth មាត់, ឱស្ឋ (Sanskrit) moat, ʔaoh
77 tooth ធ្មេញ tmɨɲ
78 tongue (organ) អណ្ដាត ʔɑndaat
79 fingernail ក្រចកដៃ krɑcɑɑk day
80 foot ជើង cəəŋ
81 leg ជើង cəəŋ
82 knee ជង្គង់ cʊəŋkʊəŋ
83 hand ដៃ day
84 wing ស្លាប slaap
85 belly ពោះ pʊəh
86 guts ពោះវៀនពោះតាំង pʊəh viən pʊəh taŋ
87 neck ក kɑɑ
88 back ខ្នង knɑɑŋ
89 breast ដោះ dɑh
90 heart បេះដូង beh dooŋ
91 liver ថ្លើម tlaəm
92 to drink ផឹក pʰək
93 to eat ស៊ី, ញ៉ាំ (polite) sii, nh'am
94 to bite ចឹក (of animals), ខាំ cək, kham
95 to suck ជញ្ជក់ cʊəɲcoak
96 to spit ស្ដោះ sdɑh
97 to vomit ក្អួត kʔuət
98 to blow ផាត់ (wind), ផ្លុំ (mouth) pʰat, plom
99 to breathe ដកដង្ហើម dɑɑk dɑŋhaəm
100 to laugh សើច saǝc
101 to see ឃើញ kʰəəɲ
102 to hear ឮ lɨɨ
103 to know ចេះ ceh
104 to think គិត kɨt
105 smell ក្លិន klən
106 to fear ក្រែង kraeŋ
107 to sleep ដេក deɛk
108 to live រស់ rʊəh
109 to die តាយ taay
110 to kill សម្លាប់ sɑmlap
111 to fight ជល់ cʊəl
112 to hunt បាញ់សត្វ (lit. "shoot animals") baɲ sat
113 to hit ជល់ viey
114 to cut កាប់ kap
115 to split ពុះ puh
116 to stab ចាក់ cak
117 to scratch កេះ keh
118 to dig ជីក ciik
119 to swim ហែល hael
120 to fly ហើរ haǝ
121 to walk ដើរ daə
122 to come មក mɔɔk
123 to lie (as in a bed) ដេក deɛk
124 to sit អង្គុយ ʔɑŋkuy
125 to stand ឈរ cʰɔɔ
126 to turn (intransitive) ងាក ŋiek
127 to fall ដួល (collapse), ចុះ (descend) duəl, coh
128 to give ឲ្យ ʔaoy
129 to hold កាន់ kan
130 to squeeze រឹត rɨt
131 to rub ខាត់ kʰat
132 to wash កក់ kɑk
133 to wipe ជូត cuut
134 to pull ដក dɑɑ
135 to push រុញ ruɲ
136 to throw ចោល caol
137 to tie ចង cɑɑŋ
138 to sew ដេរ dee
139 to count រាប់ roap
140 to say ថា tʰaa
141 to sing ច្រៀង crieŋ
142 to play លេង leiŋ
143 to float អណ្ដែត ʔɑndaet
144 to flow ហូរ hoo
145 to freeze កក (frozen) kɑɑk
146 to swell ប៉ោង paoŋ
147 sun ថ្ងៃ tŋay
148 moon ខែ kʰae
149 star ផ្កាយ pkaay
150 water ទឹក tɨk
151 rain ភ្លៀង plieŋ
152 river ទន្លេ tʊənlee
153 lake បឹង bəŋ
154 sea សមុទ្រ (Sanskrit) saʔmot
155 salt អំបិល ʔɑmbǝl
156 stone ថ្ម tmɑɑ
157 sand ខ្សាច់ ksac
158 dust ធូលី (Sanskrit) tʰuulii
159 earth ដី dəy
160 cloud ពពក pɔpɔɔk
161 fog អ័ភ្រ ʔap
162 sky មេឃ (Sanskrit) meek
163 wind ខ្យល់ kyɑl, kcɑl
164 snow ហិមៈ (Sanskrit) heʔmeaʔ
165 ice ទឹកកក tɨk kɑɑ kɑɑ
166 smoke ផ្សែង psaeŋ
167 fire ភ្លើង pləəŋ
168 ash កំញម kɑmɲɑɑm
169 to burn ឆេះ cʰeh
170 road ផ្លូវ pləv
171 mountain ភ្នំ pnum
172 red ក្រហម krɑhɑɑm
173 green បៃតង bay tɑɑŋ
174 yellow លឿង lɨəŋ
175 white ស sɑɑ
176 black ខ្មៅ kmav
177 night យប់ yup
178 day ថ្ងៃ tŋay
179 year ឆ្នាំ cnam
180 warm ក្ដៅ (hot) kdav
181 cold ត្រជាក់ trɑceak
182 full ពេញ pɨɲ
183 new ថ្មី tməy
184 old ចាស់ cah
185 good ល្អ lʔɑɑ
186 bad អាក្រក់ ʔaakrɑk
187 rotten រលួយ, កំពុក rɔluəy, kɑmpuk
188 dirty ប្រឡូស prɑlooh
189 straight ត្រង់ trɑŋ
190 round មូល muul
191 sharp (as a knife) មុត mut
192 dull (as a knife) រឹល rɨl
193 smooth រាប riep
194 wet ទទឹក tɔtɨk
195 dry ក្រៀម kriəm
196 correct មែន mɛɛn
197 near ជិត cɨt
198 far ឆ្ងាយ cŋaay
199 right ស្ដាំ sdam
200 left ឆ្វេង cveeŋ
201 at នៅ (to be at) nɨv
202 in ក្នុង knoŋ
203 with ជាមួយ cie muə yɔɔ
204 and និង nɨŋ
205 if បើ baə
206 because ពីព្រោះ pii prʊəh
207 name ឈ្មោះ cmʊəh

Sources

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  • Modern Cambodian-English dictionary. Headley, Robert K. Dunwoody Press: 1997.
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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia



Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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