Appendix:Proto-Austronesian Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Proto-Austronesian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Proto-Austronesian
1 I *(i-)aku
2 you (singular) *(i-)kaSu
*iSu, *Suqu (possessive)
3 he, she, it *(si-)ia, *ni(-a) (possessive)
4 we *(i-)kita (inclusive), *ata (inclusive, possessive), *itən (inclusive, possessive)
*kami (exclusive)
5 you (plural) *(i-)kam(i)u
*Simu
6 they *(si-)ida
7 this *(i-)ni
*(ia-)ni
*(i-)ti
*qani
*qazi
8 that *(i-)Cu
9 here *(di-)ni
10 there *(di-)Cu (near)
*(di-)ni(-a) (far)
11 who *(si-)ima
12 what *(na-)nu
13 where *(i-)nu
14 when *ija(-n)
15 how *kuja
*numa
16 not *adi
*ini
17 all *qəmin / *amin
18 many
19 some
20 few
21 other *duma
22 one *əsa / *isa / *asa
23 two *duSa
24 three *təlu
25 four *Səpat
26 five *lima
27 big *(ma-)ʀaya
28 long *inaduq
29 wide *(ma-)lawas
30 thick *(ma-)kaSepal
31 heavy
32 small *kədi
33 short *(ma-)siŋkəC
34 narrow *(ma-)səpiC
35 thin *(ma-)NiSepis
36 woman *bahi
37 man (adult male) *(ma-)ʀuqaNay
38 man (human being) *Cau
39 child *aNak
40 wife
41 husband
42 mother *(t-)ina
43 father *(t-)ama
44 animal *SaCuhaq
45 fish *Sikan
46 bird *qayam
47 dog *(w)asu
48 louse *kuCu
49 snake *Sulaʀ
50 worm *kulay
51 tree
52 forest *kaSiw-kaSiw-an
53 stick *kaSiw
54 fruit *buaq
55 seed
56 leaf *biʀaq
57 root *ʀaməC / *ʀamiS
58 bark (of a tree)
59 flower
60 grass *Cəməl
61 rope *CaliS
62 skin *qaNiC
63 meat *isi / *Səsi
64 blood *daʀaq
65 bone *CuqəlaN
66 fat (noun) *Simaʀ
67 egg *qiCəluʀ
68 horn
69 tail *ikuʀ
70 feather
71 hair *bukəS
72 head *qulu
73 ear *Caliŋa
74 eye *maCa
75 nose *mujiŋ
76 mouth *ŋusu
77 tooth *nipən
78 tongue (organ) *Səma
79 fingernail
80 foot *qaqay
81 leg *qaqay
82 knee
83 hand *(qa)lima
84 wing *paNid
85 belly *tiaN
86 guts *Cinaqi
87 neck *liqəʀ
88 back *likud
89 breast *susu
90 heart *zaCuŋ
91 liver *qaCay
92 to drink *mimah
93 to eat *kaən
94 to bite *kaʀat
95 to suck *səpsəp
96 to spit *Nudaq
97 to vomit *utaq
98 to blow *Siup
99 to breathe
100 to laugh *Cawa
101 to see *kita
102 to hear *tumaNa
103 to know *bajaq
104 to think *nəmnəm
105 to smell *Sajək
106 to fear *(ma-)takut
107 to sleep *tuduʀ
108 to live *(ma-)qudip
109 to die *(m-)aCay
110 to kill *(p-)aCay
111 to fight
112 to hunt *qaNup
113 to hit *palu
114 to cut *taʀaq
*təktək
115 to split
116 to stab
117 to scratch *kaʀaw
118 to dig *kalih
119 to swim *Naŋuy
120 to fly *layap
121 to walk *Nakaw
122 to come
123 to lie (as in a bed)
124 to sit
125 to stand *diʀi
126 to turn (intransitive) *Niku
127 to fall
128 to give
129 to hold *gəmgəm
130 to squeeze *pəʀəq
131 to rub
132 to wash
133 to wipe
134 to pull
135 to push
136 to throw
137 to tie
138 to sew *taSiq
139 to count *Sipuʀ
140 to say
141 to sing
142 to play
143 to float
144 to flow *qaluʀ
145 to freeze
146 to swell *baʀəq
*ʀibawa
147 sun *siNaʀ
148 moon *bulaN
*qiNas
149 star *bituqən
150 water *daNum
151 rain *quzaN
152 river
153 lake *danaw
154 sea *tənəm
155 salt *qasiʀa
*timus
156 stone *batu
157 sand *bunaj
*qənay
158 dust *likəS
159 earth *daʀəq
160 cloud *ləmləm
161 fog
162 sky *laŋiC
163 wind *bali
164 snow
165 ice
166 smoke *CəbuN
*qəbəl
167 fire *Sapuy
168 ash *qabu
169 to burn *cuNuh
170 road *zalan
171 mountain *buləd
172 red *(ma-)taNah
173 green *mataq
174 yellow
175 white *(ma-)puNi
176 black *CəŋəN
177 night *bəʀŋi
178 day *qaləjaw
179 year *kawaS
180 warm
181 cold
182 full *(ma-)pinuq
183 new *(ma-)baqəʀuh
184 old *(ma-)tuqaS
185 good
186 bad *kuya
187 rotten *(ma-)buʀaq
188 dirty
189 straight *(ma-)ləpəŋ
190 round
191 sharp (as a knife) *Cazəm
192 dull (as a knife) *Cupul
193 smooth
194 wet *(ma-)basəq
195 dry *(ma-)qaʀiw
196 correct *(ma-)ləʀəs
197 near *(ma-)azaNih
198 far *(ma-)dawiN
199 right *ka-wanaN
200 left *ka-wiʀi
201 at *(d)i
202 in *(d)i-daləm
203 with
204 and *ka
*mah
205 if *ka
*nu
206 because
207 name *ŋajan

See also

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)
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