Appendix:Swadesh lists for Raji-Raute languages

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The appendix contains 100-word Swadesh lists for Raji-Raute languages. (Asterisks denote Indic loanwords.)

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Raute Settled Raute Forest Raji Khirdwari Raji Naukule Raji Bandale Raji Purbia Raji
Collection location: Western Nepal Dadeldhura, Nepal Pithoragarh, India Champawat, India Kailali, Nepal Kanchanpur, Nepal Surkhet, Nepal
Fieldnotes by: Fortier Fortier, Reinhard Fortier Reinhöl, Krishan Sah, Reinhard Fortier, Sah, Reinhard Reinhard
1 I nå nå nå ne ŋa ŋa, nå ŋa
2 you na na, naŋ naŋ~naŋ nàni nâŋ, naŋ nàŋ ŋaŋ
3 we nã, nåi, nå-shi-nǻ (excl) nåni nåni nåni (incl), nåni ja là(excl) ŋâi, ŋài nã, nài ŋài
4 this ´i, yi, i, ´it i, wai ´i, yi, i, ´it ài in, nà̃i in, yîn yìn
5 that waya, hey aiy, hwaiy, hwe hwai χuai hoi, ´ii hun hun
6 who tsu, ṣu, chu xu, gaho, sxu hu, xu χu ɡoi *, hoi’ * ɡun gun
7 what xã- håŋ-hi, han, hã xãŋ- ài aŋ, goi’ lei’ aŋ aŋ
8 not hå, tå, wå, ai wå, tå, hå hå, wå hã dama, ma’ dåma, ma’hu’ mã’hũ, nài
9 all diki, tokaya, hwari, kuna, ǰamma * ǰamalå * ǰama-lå * jàmmàl * sâbâ *, sàbàl * ǰamma * sàblà *, jàmàlai *
10 many diki, bho dhikala dzikale dzhikkàl bârdzu, hiã’ bardzu tsho’
11 one dã; yìka dha, ḍår, dã dãã~dha ḍa(h) da da da
12 two hnih hnih, ni hnih nhı̃ n̤i, nĩ ni(-tou); n̤i nī
13 big ghå-re banna, baina bayna bàina bâraŋ, baràŋ bwaraŋ bàreŋ
14 long lång langge lång langê lamijo *, lamtio * lambya * lamo *
15 small tsi, dzo tat, tuha dzo, itu, itushiya, tuha, twiy-chey cuĩca tsʰutsu, tshiuri * aitchyaŋ aĩtshuŋ
16 woman mütya, umakala motiya, mala, matiya motiya màṭhya ketila *, keti•la’ mhĩ’ mitsa màtsa mantshe’
17 man murka, mokya, bå? bah, bala, ba bah poila mântsʰe *, dhãthe•la’ mhĩ’ yora, wora’ yera màntshe’
18 person shêlå, swiy-ta, kwi, , tou mãtshe *, tou shêyår, mãcha *, tou màñcà * mantshe *, ´ii´ mantshe * màntshe’ *
19 fish ´ngyich (as prey), ŋgå (scaly); gåt (general); bora (things that swim) bora bora bura ŋa, ŋhã’ hã’ ŋã’
20 bird b’wåh b’wa b’wa bos tsʰri, bʰwa, tsàri bwå, bʰwa’ bwa’
21 dog kuiy kuiy kuiy kui kui, kwi’ kwi kwi’
22 louse sirow sir sirow sirà sir, shir’ sir shir’
23 tree siŋ siŋ siŋ siŋ siŋ, shiŋ rukaŋ * rukhã *
24 seed ruw biye * ruw biye * bjar *, biaŋ * biyaŋ * biaŋ *
25 leaf hwã’, hwoli wåh´, wha hwã’ χua wa, wa’ hwã wa’
26 root ǰara * ǰarao * ǰyaråo *, lwå ǰadao * ǰârjau *, ǰàriã’ * ǰaryao * ǰàrhiã’ *
27 bark sing kala, thapã bakoriya *, kartia bakwor * bhukk * kartia, khàpetau’ boklao *, phik, khapetau’ bàklau’ *
28 skin k’ritiya kàrtya, khale khale * khàllà * bâklâu *, tshhalao’ pʰiku, charlaŋ * tshhala *
29 flesh (meat) yå’, syå shyå syå sya sja, shia’ sya’ shia’
30 blood shwuiy, kwan kxwuiy, phwi phwuiy(u) χui râktâ *, ràgàtau’ swiy sĩ’
31 bone hareŋ * hadaŋ * hadå * hadàŋ * hadâu *, hadao’ * hadduŋ * harao’ *
32 grease wasaha (dairy), sau bahå * bosa * bàχɛ * sau’ sahũ sàwu’
33 egg ãrre *, g’row ãrre-wa * ããre * àṇḍa * dri, dàni dri gliũ’
34 horn shiŋha * shigaŋ * shiŋha * sioàŋ * siŋ *, shiŋghao’ siŋ *, siŋ-ɡah * shĩghao’ *
35 tail mhuuta puchher * bå-tuwa puchɛra * pâtsʰjaũ *, pàtshiaũ * putcho *, bela putshiũ’ *
36 feather rowhã rowhã p(h)åkå * pàkha * mulu, pàkheniaũ * mul bhutlao’ *
37 hair hyem, håmu, syaw, g’na (of head), snu (of body) håmu ham hamu tsʰam(ũ) tsham, cham bhutlao’ *, balu
38 head garå gaḍå, gera, gara gåra gaḍa ɡʰârau, ghrau’ ɡʰâjau, kopriŋ * kaplà *
39 ear günå kunhe, guna günå guna gra, gàna grã, g’rã gla’
40 eye mik mhĩke, mike mik mhike mik mikhà mik
41 nose shina, ṣina sínåh, shina sina, ṣina sina sinja, shinĩa sre'a, srå slia’
42 mouth hmu(m), maw (mouth/inner lips), kuw (inside) khåbero, khabêro, mang hmu khàbɛ-ru * ɡa(ŋ) ɡaŋ, gã ga
43 tooth s’wå, m’yũ, bhåka tshyåx, dar suwa, daro daro swa swa swa
44 tongue låley ǰibero * låley ǰibɛro * lâju, lai lai lài
45 fingernail hlim, hliŋ (nail/cuticle); dzyên (nail,claw) nihaŋ *, nhiheng * nihãŋ *, timh, tihm (nail, claw) nihàŋ * bâdzi, bàǰik dzin (nail, claw) dzìn (nail/claw)
46 foot mbå mbå mbå bha bha, ba’ bha khutta *
47 knee phuch puhe puh puhɛ pus pus pus
48 hand (h)åk hake håk hakɛ yak, yêk yak yɛk
49 belly (stomach) lådõ, duŋ(wiya) lådo lådo, gu-dung, buk lado dâŋ, g’daŋ daŋ daŋ
50 neck màn *, ghãtu * gidha, geynu (nape) geydada giddà ghĩetsh tuku gardhàn *
51 breast chuwch (breast/milk) tsutsao chowchow, dudhåŋ * cucca dudu(ŋ) * dudhåŋ * dudã’ *
52 heart påtti, dil bhåtti bhåtte mànɛ * mutuŋ, tshatti mutuŋ, tshatti tshatti
53 liver koto kaljo *, karande khalejo * mulya * kâledza *, hinu, hìn kaljao * kàlejau’ *
54 drink tuŋ, hàm, dzyå (eat/drink) ti-dzå, tuŋ dzyå’ tuŋ tuŋ tuŋ tuŋ
55 eat dzyå’ dzå dzyå’ ǰå dza, dzam dza ǰam
56 bite ka tikai-hĩ, kay ka takɛ * kai, kiam kay kài’niaŋ
57 see dabbu, dzyey, kày, bìgay dabbu dabbu, chyey dàbb mu, mum mu mum
58 hear gun kun gunå kun krã, k’ne krã klãniaŋ
59 know des (n.), lå (v.) cha-koy-ko, daho dåho (knowledge) dàhàu gãto, dama’dasku des dasniaŋ
60 sleep shẽy se, she’ shẽy ise isâ, yis mai, mâi niŋniaŋ
61 die shyiy siya shyiy sive si, shikà’ si shiniaŋ
62 kill såt, håt håte såt hatà sât(di), sathenaŋ sât satniaŋ
63 swim buwa, baw baw buwa, byaw, råp rapê reu, reohenaŋ rehuwa reoniaŋ
64 fly par- uḍyåwra *, odawe * udla * bhukày brai, bàraikà udai * uṟeniaŋ *
65 walk phwà, hwå, khwå-ko khwå, hwå, phwa hàko, xrro̅kå take swa, swakà swa, tsʰe, glo(niaŋ) duleniaŋ
66 come biy, piy, lå laũ, piye biy, piy, lå la waŋ, woŋniaŋ waŋ woŋniaŋ
67 lie (down) i´sey, lãtuwa * pharakyo, dimmihi (lay down smthg) taw tha ɡâdil, dimmihi, yis mai pàltiɛm
68 sit shwiy, pha, dzây-na, guni hwõy, hwe hwi’, hwày, pha, ŋaŋ hõĩ dzʰoy, ǰhũwày dray, dʰway này-
69 stand phyuw, zay phyawng-ni, hai phyuw, phyawng, hày-ni ṭaḍo rjapi, thàde’ tåde(tu) shepi’
70 give bay´ ba´a, be bay´, bey be bai, bai’ bay bài’
71 say khå, nâ kha, ha, ne khå nɛko kʰâi, ne, ŋar ɡarr, tʰâm gar
72 sun Berr, dåmuw diho dixo dihu dinâ, bela bela dinà’
73 moon bayrra, ǰanna thiyo, tiox, ǰanna, ǰunna dzilå, ǰunda, thiyo junnà dzona, tsonà dzunna jonha
74 star twi-twi (stars, milky way); kar- (north star); berr-ko to-ka (evening star) dara *, tara * taRa * tara * tara *, tsàkar trâihja tṟẽiyã’
75 water tiy ti(-hi) tiy ti ti ti ti
76 rain s’gya, tsiy ti(-hi), ti-lagwa tsiiy ti deu, sàgài ruaka deora, deu deuruaka
77 stone doliy, rako, kawba, gorrba, ´ânkanaba, ´ânaya dhunge * dzuga *, doliy - dʰuŋ *, dhungà * dʰuŋi * dhungà *
78 sand buliya * balya * hluu bàllya * bâlja *, bàllhia’ * bâlya * bàlia’ *
79 earth, ground dzey dharti * matiya * deχà pritʰâbi * dharti * dhàrti, disa’ *
80 cloud dewa deho dexo deχu badlâ *, badàl budal * balhà’ *
81 smoke dhuka * oba, dhuka * thuha * - dʰwa * dʰumaŋ * dhumã’ *
82 fire hmüy hmüy, mwi hmüy mhɛ̃ m̤âi, mài’ mhai’ mwĩ’
83 ash duri * dhuli * boho’yogo dhuli * bʰubâri blaka, bluak khàrani *
84 burn ul, hmut ǰal *, mute hmut luŋ bʰubâri, ǰhum blok, ǰorr * ghanku’
85 path yoŋ yoŋ, iyuŋ yong yoŋ dzikik, iyom yom, iyom iyɛm
86 mountain khâre, yêkha bhitta * (precipice) ghata *, bhitta * bhitta * pârbtâ * himale * pàrbàt *
87 red kosha, kamay, twi tolåyriya, tohleriya tolåriya Tolhɛriya haŋ tchui, tchwi tshwĩ’
88 green hwã’, må-hŋuw, gågina wah hwã’ hàriyo * hârijo * håriyao * hàriàũ *
89 yellow hwiy-pelo, pielo * pero peru * pero * hâl-dijalo, pàlaŋ lâdi-(lwa), tswĩ’ piãlo *
90 white ndow-rya doware, dhauria dow dhàurya pâlaŋ, plaŋ p’laŋ plaŋ
91 black tokwanya tokanya, toknaha tuknaha TokEnya kwoŋ, kwaŋ kwaŋ kwaŋ
92 night gadzyira, thepe-pa gay, thepe gay gayàre jak, ratrâ * dziri jhìri’
93 hot chuhnu, ghühnuw ghöhnow guhnu ḍaha tatâu *, tappàkà tatau * tato *
94 cold dzuŋ kalse *, dzuŋ dzuŋ dzũ(-ghài) tsur(kà) dzuŋ-ka, tsur tshur
95 full dz(y)e, dwi, iwãp puro * da, bharóh * bhàràtà * bʰâriŋ *, purau’ bʰaraita * pura *
96 new hnu hnung nhuu noŋ nâwoi *, nawǝ̃ĩ * naula * nawàĩ *
97 good hnik niko, baria * hnik, bariya * nhikko mâdza, màdza nok-nâŋ màja
98 round gur- batulo * gur- baṭulo * ɡolâu * ɡol-hwã * golho *
99 dry karow, patuwa karau kar karàu poktì, pokà poka, pokta pokiaŋ
100 name miŋ, mrĩŋ nåmu * miiŋ nam * mriŋ, mrriŋ m(i)riŋ brriŋ

See also

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References

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)
Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
Sino-Tibetan

p-Tibeto-Burman • Old Chinese (basic) • p-Southern Min • Macro-Bai • p-Tujia • p-Naish • p-Ersuic • Guiqiong • Horpa • p-Lolo-Burmese • p-Lalo • Lalo • Akha • Woni • Axi • Nesu • Yi (Mihei) • Kathu • Gong • p-Karenic • p-Luish • p-Bodo-Garo • Kuki-Chin • Suansu • Jejara • Mru • p-W. Tibetan • Tibetan (Lajiao) • Amdo Tibetan • Zakhring • Tshangla • Kho-Bwa • Mey • p-Puroik • p-Hrusish • Koro • Greater Siangic • Raji-Raute • Dhimalish • Baram-Thangmi • Bhujel • p-Kham • Dura • Bunan • (Nepal)

Austroasiatic

p-Austroasiatic (Swadesh) • p-Munda • p-Khasian • p-Palaungic • Quang Lam • p-Khmuic • p-Pakanic • p-Vietic • p-Katuic • p-Bahnaric • p-Pearic • p-Khmeric • p-Monic • p-Aslian • p-Nicobarese

Hmong-Mien

p-Hmong-Mien • Hmong-Mien • p-Hmongic • Pa-Hng • Xong • Pana • She • p-Mienic • Mienic • Mien (Gongcheng) • Biao Min (Shikou)

Kra-Dai

p-Kra-Dai • p-Kra • Laha • Qabiao • Gelao • p-Kam-Sui • Kam-Sui (Hunan) • p-Lakkia • Biao • p-Tai • Zhuang (Tiandeng) • Bouyei • p-Be • Jizhao • p-Hlai • Jiamao

Austronesian

p-Austronesian

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