Appendix:Tulu Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Tulu, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Tulu ತುಳು (tuḷu) edit (79) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | ಯಾನು (yānu), ಯೇನು (yēnu), ಯಾನ್ (yānŭ), ಏನ್ (ēnŭ) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | ಈ (ī) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ಆಯೆ (āye), ಆಳ್ (āḷŭ), ಅದ್ (adŭ) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | ಯಂಕಲ್ (yaṅkalŭ), ಎಂಕುಲು (eṅkulu) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | ಇಕುಳು (ikuḷu) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | ಆಕುಳು (ākuḷu), ಅಗುಲು (agulu), ಅಕುಳು (akuḷu) |
| 7 | this | ಉಂದ್ (undŭ) |
| 8 | that | ಅವ್ (avŭ) |
| 9 | here | ಇಂಚಿ (iñci) |
| 10 | there | ಅಯಿಟೆ (ayiṭe) |
| 11 | who | ಏರ್ (ērŭ) |
| 12 | what | ಎಂಚಿನ (eñcina) |
| 13 | where | ಒಂಚಿ (oñci) |
| 14 | when | ಏಪ (ēpa) |
| 15 | how | ಎಂಚ (eñca) |
| 16 | not | ಅತ್ತ್ (attŭ), ಇಜ್ಜಿ (ijji) |
| 17 | all | ಮಾತ (māta), ಸರ್ವ (sarva) |
| 18 | many | ಅಜಂತ (ajanta) |
| 19 | some | ಕೆಲ (kela) |
| 20 | few | ಕೆಲ (kela) |
| 21 | other | ಇತರ (itara), ಪರ (para) |
| 22 | one | ಒಂಜಿ (oñji) |
| 23 | two | ಎರಡ್ (eraḍŭ), ಇರಡ್ (iraḍŭ), ರಡ್ಡ್ (raḍḍŭ) |
| 24 | three | ಮೂಜಿ (mūji) |
| 25 | four | ನಾಲ್ (nālŭ) |
| 26 | five | ಅಯಿನ್ (ayinŭ) |
| 27 | big | ಎರು (eru) |
| 28 | long | ಉದ್ದ (udda) |
| 29 | wide | ಅರ (ara) |
| 30 | thick | ಅಲದ್ (aladŭ) |
| 31 | heavy | ಗುರು (guru) |
| 32 | small | ಇಟ್ಟಿ (iṭṭi) |
| 33 | short | ಕುದ್ದು (kuddu) |
| 34 | narrow | ಇಕ್ಕಟ್ಟ್ (ikkaṭṭŭ) |
| 35 | thin | ತೆಲ್ಪು (telpu) |
| 36 | woman | ಅಂಗನೆ (aṅgane), ಪೊಣ್ಣು (poṇṇu), ಎಮ್ಮಳು (emmaḷu) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ಆಂಜವು (āñjavu), ಆಣ್ಜೆವು (āṇjevu), ಆಣ್ಜೋವು (āṇjōvu), ಕುದ್ದಾಯಿದ (kuddāyida) |
| 38 | man (human being) | ಮನುಷ್ಯೆ (manuṣye) |
| 39 | child | ಕಂದೆ (kande) |
| 40 | wife | ಬುಡೆದಿ (buḍedi), ಕಳತ್ರ (kaḷatra), ಕಾಂತೆ (kānte), ದಾರ (dāra), ಪತ್ನಿ (patni), ಭಾರ್ಯೆ (bhārye) |
| 41 | husband | ಕನ್ಡನೆ (kanḍane) |
| 42 | mother | ಅಪ್ಪೆ (appe) |
| 43 | father | ಅಮ್ಮೆ (amme) |
| 44 | animal | ಪ್ರಾಣಿ (prāṇi) |
| 45 | fish | ಮೀನ್ (mīnŭ) |
| 46 | bird | ಪಕ್ಕಿ (pakki) |
| 47 | dog | ನಾಯಿ (nāyi) |
| 48 | louse | ಪೇನ್ (pēnŭ) |
| 49 | snake | ಉಚ್ಚು (uccu) |
| 50 | worm | ಪುರಿ (puri) |
| 51 | tree | ಮರ (mara) |
| 52 | forest | ಕಾಡ್ (kāḍŭ) |
| 53 | stick | ಕೋಲ್ (kōlŭ) |
| 54 | fruit | ಪರ್ನ್ದ್ (parndŭ) |
| 55 | seed | ಬಿತ್ತ್ (bittŭ) |
| 56 | leaf | ಇರೆ (ire) |
| 57 | root | ಬೇರ್ (bērŭ) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ಚೋಲಿ (cōli) |
| 59 | flower | ಪೂ (pū) |
| 60 | grass | ಪಜಿರ್ (pajirŭ) |
| 61 | rope | ಬಲ್ಲ್ (ballŭ) |
| 62 | skin | ಚರ್ಮ (carma) |
| 63 | meat | ಮಾಸ (māsa) |
| 64 | blood | ನೆತ್ತೆರ್ (netterŭ) |
| 65 | bone | ಎಲು (elu) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | |
| 67 | egg | ತೆತ್ತಿ (tetti) |
| 68 | horn | ಕೊಂಬು (kombu) |
| 69 | tail | ಬೀಲ (bīla) |
| 70 | feather | ಸುಯಿ (suyi), ತುಯಿ (tuyi), ತುವಿ (tuvi) |
| 71 | hair | ಕುಜಲ್ (kujalŭ) |
| 72 | head | ತರೆ (tare), ಮನ್ಡೆ (manḍe) |
| 73 | ear | ಕೆಬಿ (kebi) |
| 74 | eye | ಕಣ್ಣ್ (kaṇṇŭ) |
| 75 | nose | ಮೂಂಕು (mūṅku) |
| 76 | mouth | ಬಾಯಿ (bāyi) |
| 77 | tooth | ಕೂಲಿ (kūli) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | ನಾಲಯಿ (nālayi) |
| 79 | fingernail | ಉಗುರ್ (ugurŭ) |
| 80 | foot | |
| 81 | leg | ಕಾರ್ (kārŭ) |
| 82 | knee | |
| 83 | hand | |
| 84 | wing | |
| 85 | belly | |
| 86 | guts | |
| 87 | neck | |
| 88 | back | |
| 89 | breast | |
| 90 | heart | |
| 91 | liver | |
| 92 | to drink | |
| 93 | to eat | |
| 94 | to bite | |
| 95 | to suck | |
| 96 | to spit | |
| 97 | to vomit | |
| 98 | to blow | |
| 99 | to breathe | |
| 100 | to laugh | |
| 101 | to see | |
| 102 | to hear | |
| 103 | to know | |
| 104 | to think | |
| 105 | to smell | |
| 106 | to fear | |
| 107 | to sleep | |
| 108 | to live | |
| 109 | to die | |
| 110 | to kill | |
| 111 | to fight | |
| 112 | to hunt | |
| 113 | to hit | |
| 114 | to cut | |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | |
| 118 | to dig | |
| 119 | to swim | |
| 120 | to fly | |
| 121 | to walk | |
| 122 | to come | |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | |
| 124 | to sit | |
| 125 | to stand | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | to fall | |
| 128 | to give | |
| 129 | to hold | |
| 130 | to squeeze | |
| 131 | to rub | |
| 132 | to wash | |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | |
| 141 | to sing | |
| 142 | to play | |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | |
| 148 | moon | |
| 149 | star | |
| 150 | water | |
| 151 | rain | |
| 152 | river | |
| 153 | lake | |
| 154 | sea | |
| 155 | salt | |
| 156 | stone | |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | |
| 160 | cloud | |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | |
| 163 | wind | |
| 164 | snow | |
| 165 | ice | |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | |
| 170 | road | |
| 171 | mountain | |
| 172 | red | |
| 173 | green | |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | |
| 176 | black | |
| 177 | night | |
| 178 | day | |
| 179 | year | |
| 180 | warm | |
| 181 | cold | |
| 182 | full | |
| 183 | new | |
| 184 | old | |
| 185 | good | |
| 186 | bad | |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | |
| 197 | near | |
| 198 | far | |
| 199 | right | |
| 200 | left | |
| 201 | at | |
| 202 | in | |
| 203 | with | |
| 204 | and | |
| 205 | if | |
| 206 | because | |
| 207 | name |
